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Wheatstone Bridge and Potentiometer Circuits for Static and Dynamic Strain Measurements Accurate strain measurement is crucial for understanding the mechanical behavior of structures and materials. Wheatstone bridge and potentiometer circuits provide reliable solutions for both static and dynamic strain measurement applications..

Introduction to Strain Measurement Strain Gauges Strain Basics Strain is the deformation of a material under stress, measured as the change in length divided by the original length. Strain gauges are the primary sensors used to measure strain, detecting minute changes in resistance as a material deforms. Measurement Circuits Wheatstone bridges and potentiometer circuits convert the strain gage resistance changes into voltage signals for analysis. Ase Department.

[Audio] Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Fundamentals Balanced Bridge Strain Gage Integration The Wheatstone bridge is a four-resistor network that is balanced when the ratio of two resistors equals the ratio of the other two. One of the four resistors is replaced with a strain gage, causing an imbalance in the bridge and a measurable voltage output. Sensitivity Stability The Wheatstone bridge amplifies small resistance changes, providing high sensitivity for strain measurement. The balanced design of the Wheatstone bridge makes it less susceptible to temperature and other environmental influences. Ase Department.

[Audio] Working principle of Wheatstone bridge A strain gauge basically works on the principle of a simple metal conductor wire that tends to have an impact on its length, cross-sectional area and resistance due to applied stress. This is due to the fact that the length of the wire is directly proportional to the resistance of the wire and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, as per the following equation. Here, R=resistance of the wire,ρ=resistivityL=length of the wireand A= area of the cross-section of the wire Ase Department.

[Audio] Working principle of Wheatstone bridge The value of strain caused by the stress is determined by measuring a change in resistance of the gauge, as a result of the change in the dimensions of the object due to the applied force. This change in resistance is smaller when compared to the resistance of the strain gauge and hence needs to be measured accurately to determine the strain. To measure this small change in resistance, a Wheatstone Bridge Circuit is used. It enables relative changes of strain gauge in the order of 10-4 to 10-2 Ω/Ω to be measured with great accuracy. A typical Wheatstone bridge circuit consists of a simple network of four resistors of equal resistances connected end to end to form a square as shown in the below figure. Across one pair of diagonal corners of the circuit, an excitation voltage is applied and across the other pair, the output of the bridge is measured. The output of the bridge, in other words the value of V0 depends on the ratio of resistances of the resistors, in other words R1:R4 and R2:R3. When the bridge is balanced and no strain is induced upon the strain gauge, the relationship between the four resistances can be expressed as: Now, as V0 = V plus – V– , this implies V0 = 0 Ase Department.

[Audio] Advantages of the Wheatstone Bridge Sensitivity Linearity Versatility Wheatstone bridges can be used for a wide range of static and dynamic strain measurement applications. The Wheatstone bridge provides excellent sensitivity, amplifying small resistance changes to produce a measurable voltage output. The relationship between strain and voltage output is linear, simplifying data analysis and interpretation. Ase Depatment.

[Audio] Applications of strain measurement by Wheatstone bridge Bridge instrumentation: Strain gauges are used to monitor bridges in real time for deformation and to verify design parameters. For example, the Yamuna Bridge in Allahabad-Naini has many measurement channels to sense strain on its cables. Load cells: Strain gauges are bonded to a load cell's metal block and wired into a Wheatstone bridge circuit. When the bridge circuit is balanced, the load cell can accurately measure applied loads. Onboard signal conditioning units: Wheatstone bridge circuits are used in onboard signal conditioning units. Excitation power supplies: Wheatstone bridge circuits are used in excitation power supplies. Telemetry: Wheatstone bridge circuits are used in telemetry to read in-site measurements..

[Audio] Potentiometer Circuit Basics Simplicity Resistance Variation In a potentiometer circuit, the strain gage's resistance change varies the voltage divider output as the material deforms. Potentiometer circuits are simpler to implement than Wheatstone bridges, making them a cost-effective solution. Nonlinearity Potentiometer circuits exhibit nonlinear behavior, which must be accounted for in the data analysis. Ase Department.

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[Audio] Selecting the Appropriate Circuit Topology Static Strain Dynamic Strain Cost and Simplicity Wheatstone bridges are ideal for high-precision, stable static strain measurements. Wheatstone bridges excel at capturing rapid, transient strain events due to their linear response. Potentiometer circuits offer a more economical solution for basic static strain monitoring. Ase Department.

[Audio] Strain Gauge Considerations Gauge Factor Resistance The strain gauge's gauge factor, a measure of its sensitivity, is a key parameter in circuit design. Strain gauges come in a range of resistance values, which must be matched to the circuit topology. Mounting Temperature Effects Temperature-compensated strain gauges and bridge configurations help mitigate thermal drift issues. Proper installation and bonding of strain gauges is crucial for accurate and reliable measurements. Ase Department.

[Audio] Static Strain Measurement Applications Civil Infrastructure Mechanical Systems Material Testing Monitoring static strain in bridges, buildings, and other structures for structural health assessment. Evaluating static strain in machinery, equipment, and components for design optimization and failure prevention. Characterizing the static mechanical properties of materials, such as tensile, compressive, and flexural strain. Ase Department.

[Audio] Dynamic Strain Measurement Challenges High Frequency Dynamic strain events can occur at very high frequencies, requiring specialized data acquisition systems. Noise Reduction Minimizing electrical noise and interference is crucial for accurately capturing dynamic strain signals. Transient Response The circuit's ability to faithfully reproduce rapid changes in strain is a critical performance parameter. Ase Department.

[Audio] Best Practices and Troubleshooting Circuit Design Careful selection of components, wiring, and shielding is essential for optimal circuit performance. Calibration Proper calibration and verification of the measurement system is crucial for accurate strain data. Troubleshooting Systematic troubleshooting techniques can help identify and resolve issues with strain measurement circuits. Ase Department.

[Audio] Thank You Dhruv 1BM22AS014 Adrian 1BM22AS002 Natin 1BM22AS031 Ase Department.