HSR130

[Audio] HSR130 Dr. Mohammad Ahmad Thawabteh mathawab@uaeu.ac.ae Week 2.

[Audio] Linguistics Prt 1 The scientific study of language. We study its structure, development, and relationship with other languages. Linguists differentiate between: structural aspects of language functional aspects of language.

[Audio] Functional aspects include the things we might do with language; for example, we might ask a question, or make a promise, or issue a command. The different interpretations that we might associate with an utterance (something that is said) can also be considered a functional aspect of language. The structural aspects of language can be summarized as the formal patterns that can be observed in a language..

[Audio] Structural aspects Parts of speech: word classes - noun, verb, adverb, adjective, etc. Inflection is a structural regularity. The plural –s, past tense –ed, present participle –ing, comparative –er, and superlative –est are all examples of inflection that can be found in English. Agreement patterns are another type of structural regularity. Subject-verb agreement in the 3rd person, present tense is an example of this. Also note the agreement pattern in number found within the noun phrases this woman and these women. Word order is another formal regularity in language. Prosodic signals, including pitch, tempo, and stress can also be used to indicate grammatical meaning. For example, the difference between suspect (noun) and suspect (verb) is signaled by where the main stress is placed on the word. The string of words He’s here can be understood as a statement if we utter it with a falling intonation. The same string can be understood as a question, He’s here?, if we use a rising intonation..

[Audio] Other subjects that are part of Linguistics: Historical linguistics is concerned with the origins and development of language is concerned with the different historical relationships between various languages. investigate the changes in a language that have taken place over many hundreds of years..

[Audio] Field linguistics Historical linguistics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Sociolinguistics.

[Audio] Field linguistics an applied area of linguistics where a researcher collects data on little- studied languages, particularly those with few speakers that are in danger of dying out. Often the end result of doing field linguistics research is the completion of a written grammar covering a particular language. Phonology the study of the sound system that is used in a language. Specifically it is the study of phonemes, the basic sound structure of a language, the features that are associated with distinct sounds in a language, and how these features interact with each other when they are found in different environments. A related field, phonetics, is the study of the physical aspects of speech sounds, i.e. the physical creation of phonemes and longer stretches of speech..

[Audio] Morphology focuses on morphemes, the basic unit of meaning within a language. This branch of linguistics deals with how sounds combine to form meaningful words and/or change the meaning of words. Semantics the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In semantic analysis, we always try to focus on what the words normally mean rather than on what one person might want them to mean in a particular situation..

[Audio] . UAEU. öx•i.a-ll å44J-2..ll ülJLaYl i:i.Q.nL.? United Arab Emirates University.

[Audio] Pragmatics is about the things that we can do with language in particular contexts. This branch of linguistics deals with how signs affect human behavior and with the social rules, often informal, that govern how language is used. There is a difference between what might be said (strictly), and what is implied. For example, consider the following short dialogue: A – Where is Peter? B – The light is on in the garage. When we consider B’s answer in terms of what is said, we are provided with information about a certain garage - that there is a light burning in that garage. What is implied, of course, is that Peter might be found inside the garage..

[Audio] Part 2: Spoken language: Prt 1. UAEU. öx•i.a-ll å44J-2..ll ülJLaYl i:i.Q.nL.? United Arab Emirates University.

[Audio] Characteristics of spoken language Prt 1 Pauses. Fillers. Back-channel behavior. Markers of sympathetic circularity Repetitions False starts and self corrections.

[Audio] Pauses. For example, a pause may be used to give the speaker time to think about what he wishes to say next, or to signal that the present speaker wishes to let the other person speak, i.e. an invitation for a change in whose turn it is to speak (turn-taking). Fillers. These are expressions such as er and erm and they are used to indicate that the speaker has not finished his or her turn. Back-channel behavior. Spoken language often results in an instant and ongoing response between conversational partners. Back-channel behavior can be non- vocal, as in nodding your head in agreement, or vocal, for example, by saying mmm, wow, yea..

[Audio] Markers of sympathetic circularity. Expressions such as like, you know, sort of, ain’t it invite the listener to assume the speaker’s point of view. These expressions appeal to a framework of shared understanding, and thus to the idea that the speech participants are sympathetic to each other. Repetitions. We may repeat certain key words as we develop our ideas. In fact, it is through the repetition of certain words and expressions that some of our ideas not only make sense to others, but also to ourselves. False starts and self corrections. Sometimes we correct ourselves during the very act of speaking. We may begin an utterance, but stop and start again with different words which either cancel what was just said or express our thoughts as we wish them to be..

[Audio] Part 3: Written language Prt 1 Padlet. UAEU.

[Audio] Characteristics of Written and Spoken language Prt 1 We hear spoken words at the same time and in the same place as they are produced, but we do not meet written texts in the same way. 1. The written text is made up of separate symbols, i.e. letters (at least in print) and (graphic) words, and these are organized in certain regular patterns (according to syntactic rules as well as various conventions of punctuation and paragraph division)..

[Audio] 2. Unlike spoken utterances, a written text does not have an immediate context. A written text is fairly explicit. It can be decoded at any place, and the decoding can often be performed by a great number of different people..

[Audio] 3. If a person wants to read and write, he or she will require a considerable amount of explicit instruction, and this can take many years. Schooling and education are unevenly distributed in most (all?) societies. Thus, while spoken language is largely every man's property, written language belongs to only rather few people..

[Audio] Characteristics of Written and Spoken language 4. Written language is controlled more by rules than spoken language, especially as regards its form..

[Audio] Characteristics of Written and Spoken language 5. The conditions under which written language is generally taught have promoted the quite common belief that written language represents the grammatically "correct language,” whereas many forms of spoken language are incorrect, weak, unclear, ugly and/or rude..

[Audio] Differences between written and spoken English:.

[Audio] Questions. Prt 1. Questions. UAEU. öx•i.a-ll å44J-2..ll ülJLaYl i:i.Q.nL.? United Arab Emirates University.