THE FIRST GULF WAR

[Virtual Presenter] Good morning everyone. Today we are going to explore a particular episode of the history of the modern era: the First Gulf War which lasted from 2 August 1990 to 28 February 1991. Let’s take a closer look at what happened at that time and what the consequences were.”.

[Audio] The first Gulf War started in August 1990 and lasted until February 1991. The primary cause of this war was an economic dispute stemming from Iraq's ambitious leader Saddam Hussein who had made Iraq heavily indebted. Kuwait however refused to forgive the debt and this caused Hussein to accuse Kuwait of stealing expensive oil from its Southern border and demanding for its complete annexation. Kuwait as well as a coalition of many countries strongly opposed this move leading to the US-led Gulf War..

[Audio] The First Gulf War took place between August 2nd 1990 and February 28th 1991. During this time a wide variety of military operations were conducted by many different countries. India too played an active role in the conflict. In terms of casualties the Gulf War saw around 60 000 coalition forces personnel killed wounded or declared missing. In addition to the human cost the First Gulf War also saw massive destruction of infrastructure depletion of natural resources and displacement of a large number of people. While it is impossible to measure the full impacts of this event the consequences of the Gulf War are still felt today..

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[Audio] The First Gulf War also referred to as the Persian Gulf War was a conflict that lasted from August 2 1990 to February 28 1991. Iraq was in the opposing side of a coalition of 42 countries led by the United States known as Operation Desert Shield. Military buildup was seen from August 1990 to January 1991 until a bombing campaign against Iraq dubbed Operation Desert Storm commenced on January 17 1991. After a few weeks Kuwait was liberated and the war ended on February 28 1991..

[Audio] Today we will be talking about the First Gulf War which started on August 2nd 1990 and lasted until February 28th 1991. This war was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait with Iraq's leader Saddam Hussein aiming to acquire Kuwait’s large oil reserves cancel Iraq's debt to Kuwait and expand regional power. This was the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era and the U S led response set important precedents for the use of military force in the following decades..

[Audio] In 1990 the costly Iran-Iraq War had left Iraq in deep debt including a 14 billion dollars debt to Kuwait. Saddam Hussein then President of Iraq began to accuse Kuwait of stealing oil from the Rumaila oil field and also claimed Kuwait historically belonged to Iraq. This formed the basis for Iraq to invade Kuwait on August 2 1990 leading the United Nations to pass Resolution 678 demanding Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15 1991. As a result a global coalition led by the United States was formed consisting of troops ships and equipment in preparation for war if Iraq did not comply..

[Audio] This slide focuses on the causes of the first Gulf War from 1990 to 1991. Conflict between Iraq and Kuwait had been simmering for some time due to territorial disputes. In addition Iraq was facing economic hardship and was looking to Kuwait for financial reparations. However Kuwait refused Iraq's demands leading to the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990. This eventually resulted in a US-led coalition of forces assisting Kuwait in repelling the Iraqi forces from Kuwait and restoring its sovereignty." The First Gulf War was a major conflict that took place in the Middle East from 1990 to 1991. It was caused by a number of factors including territorial disputes between Iraq and Kuwait and Iraq’s economic crises which resulted in Iraq looking to Kuwait for reparations. When Kuwait refused Iraq invaded in August 1990 leading to a US-led coalition of forces assisting Kuwait in repelling the Iraqi forces and restoring its sovereignty..

[Audio] In 1899 air routes to the United Kingdom were established and the UK determined the boundary between Kuwait and Iraq in 1922. Saddam Hussein the dictator of Iraq claimed that Kuwait was and still is part of Iraq but Kuwait disagreed with Iraq's plans to acquire further territories in the region. After Iraq's war with Iran the country incurred a large debt to Kuwait and other nations adding to existing tensions..

[Audio] On 2 August 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait in an event known as the First Gulf War. Iraq sought control of Kuwait's oil reserves in order to pay off its debts and to better its bargaining power in the Middle East. Iraq also argued that Kuwait was economically attacking it by exceeding opec quotas for oil production and drilling into Iraq's oil field. In the context of the invasion Hussein attempted to use it to demonstrate his support for the Palestinian cause. The invasion ended on 28 February 1991..

Course of Gulf Crisis. -3-.

[Audio] The First Gulf War began when Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. Despite various peacekeeping and restoration efforts negotiations for a peaceful resolution failed and UN Security Council Resolution 678 authorised the use of force against Iraq. Multinational forces then launched air and sea strikes followed by a land battle. After more than 100 hours of fighting a cease-fire agreement was reached and the conflict ended with the liberation of Kuwait..

[Audio] On August 2 1990 Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait. Iraq argued that the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait had destabilized oil prices by overproducing it and asked them to erase Iraq's debt and regain Iraqi territories. The international community firmly denounced Iraq's invasion and a collective force was formed with the purpose of rescuing Kuwait and reasserting its sovereignty..

[Audio] In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait prompting the international community to take action to restore peace. To this end the United Nations declared Iraq's invasion illegal and demanded that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait. As a means of deterrence against further aggression countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom sent troops to Saudi Arabia. Additionally the UN imposed economic sanctions on Iraq. The First Gulf War ended on 28 February 1991 following Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait..

[Audio] In August 1990 the First Gulf War started and finished in February 1991. During this time the United Nations and other countries tried to look for a peaceful solution to the disagreement. Both sides agreed to discuss matters but Iraq declined to abandon Kuwait till the introduction of global sanctions and the sending of the United States-led global coalition. This at last resulted in Operation Desert Storm during January 1991..

[Audio] UN Security Council Resolution 678 was enacted before the First Gulf War. It set a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait or face the use of force. Iraq disregarded the ultimatum and only released some of the foreign captives they had taken..

[Audio] UN Security Council Resolution 678 was passed in August 1990 demanding Iraq's unconditionally withdrawal from Kuwait. Subsequent talks between the U-S and Iraq failed to reach an agreement and Iraq refused to leave Kuwait. UN Secretary-General's visit to Iraq also did not yield any tangible results and so multinational military forces were deployed and military action was initiated..

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[Audio] The First Gulf War started on 2 August 1990 and ended on 28 February 1991. US-led multinational forces launched air attacks on Iraq as a consequence of Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait. Iraq retaliated by firing missiles on Israel and Saudi Arabia..

[Audio] The first Gulf War took place from August 2nd 1990 to February 28th 1991. At the beginning of the ground battle Iraq proposed to follow the UN resolution if Israel would leave its occupied territories however the UN rejected this proposal and the Soviet Union instead put forward an eight-point plan for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait..

[Audio] Welcome to this presentation about the First Gulf War. This war took place between 2 August 1990 and 28 February 1991 and lasted just under six months. One of its main outcomes was the liberation of Kuwait by coalition forces after a four-day ground campaign was led by the United States. However during the Iraqi retreat numerous oil wells were set alight. Following the ceasefire that was declared by President Bush Kuwait was liberated and Iraq was required to comply with weapons of mass destruction searches. Controversy arose due to President Bush's decision to leave Saddam Hussein in power despite the goal of the UN coalition being to remove Iraq from Kuwait not oust Hussein. This war marked the continued involvement of the United States in the Middle East. In 2003 the second Iraq war was initiated on the basis of intelligence that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction. This marked the end of the first Gulf War..

[Audio] The First Gulf War was one of the most defining events of the 20th century. In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and the UN Security Council placed an embargo on them in response. U-S and its allies then initiated air strikes against Iraq followed by a ground war that lasted for less than a month. This resulted in an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait which enabled Kuwait to regain its sovereignty and firmly limited Iraq's regional ambitions..

[Audio] On August 2nd 1990 rising tensions in the Persian Gulf mainly between Iraq and Kuwait lead to the beginning of the First Gulf War. On July 17th Saddam Hussein had publicly blamed Kuwait and the U-A-E for exceeding opec oil export quotas. Two days later Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil from the Al-Rumaylah oil field on the Iraq-Kuwait border. Unfortunately the attempts to resolve the dispute in Jeddah Saudi Arabia broke down on August 1st and Iraq invaded Kuwait. The First Gulf War ended on February 28th 1991..

[Audio] In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait leading to the First Gulf War. Kuwait's 20 000 man army put up active resistance for 14 hours however they eventually succumbed to the much larger Iraqi force. The fiercest resistance was seen at Dasman Palace where the emir's younger brother Sheikh Fahad was killed. On August 3 Kuwait Radio broadcasted a plea for aid before falling silent at 11:11 AM. In total the war resulted in approximately 4 200 Kuwaiti combat deaths..

[Audio] On August 2nd 1990 the First Gulf War began and lasted until February 28th 1991. This conflict saw Sheikh Jabir Kuwait's Head of State and senior members of the Sabah family flee to Saudi Arabia to form a government-in-exile with Sa’d al-Abd Allah al-Salim al-Sabah as the leading figure. Furthermore Finance Minister Sheikh Ali al-Khalifah al-Sabah controlled domestic Kuwaiti assets worth approximately 100 billion dollars. The consequences of the First Gulf War were severe causing around 350 000 Kuwaiti refugees to be driven out of Kuwait and into Saudi Arabia..

[Audio] On August 4th Iraqi occupation forces appointed Colonel Alaa Hussain Ali as head of state of Kuwait followed by the installation of the Provisional Free Government of Kuwait in an attempt to legitimize Iraq's claim that the invasion was requested by Kuwaitis opposed to the Ṣabāḥ dynasty. On August 28th Saddam Hussein declared Kuwait the 19th province of Iraq and place-names were changed to an "Iraqized" version. In addition he expanded the southern Iraqi province of Al-Baṣrah to include the Kuwaiti side of the Al-Rumaylah oil field and the islands of Būbiyān and Al-Warbah..

Iraqi troops: pillage, rape, torture, murder, theft. Death penalty for looters; exceptions: medical equipment, research assets, art treasures, $1.6B gold/cash. Amnesty Intl: hundreds killed, thousands taken prisoner by Iraqi soldiers. Incubator story debunked post-conflict..

[Audio] For the period between the 2nd of August 1990 and the 28th of February 1991 two major operations took place during the first Gulf War. Operation Desert Shield began on August 2 1990 and ended on the 17th of January 1991. It was aimed at building up forces in the Persian Gulf to deter Iraqi aggression. Operation Desert Storm then started on the 17th of January 1991 and lasted until the 28th of February 1991 during which a coalition air campaign against targets in Iraq and Kuwait took place. The ground offensive Operation Desert Sabre lasted a few days from the 24th of February 1991 to the 28th of February 1991..

[Audio] The First Gulf War began when UN warnings were ignored by Iraq causing a US-led coalition of 34 countries to form in Saudi Arabia. This coalition included the US UK France Canada and many others. On January 17th 1991 Operation Desert Storm began with a five-week bombardment of Iraq's oil refineries air defenses and infrastructure. Iraq retaliated by firing Scud missiles at both civilian and military targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel. The operation mainly consisted of aerial and naval attacks and after Iraq endured significant losses a ceasefire agreement was signed on February 28th 1991 concluding the war..

[Audio] On the deployment of coalition forces in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 the United States and other nations deployed to Saudi Arabia forming a large coalition force which included over 240 000 U S troops. This deployment codenamed Operation Desert Shield was an effort to deter Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia and to give Iraq a chance to peacefully leave Kuwait. In November 1990 the United Nations authorized the use of force to make Iraq leave Kuwait which launched Operation Desert Storm the military offensive to liberate Kuwait..

[Audio] The First Gulf War was a conflict fought between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States from August 2nd 1990 until February 28th 1991. It was the first major conflict in the region since the Iran-Iraq War and saw India play a significant role in the diplomatic efforts of multiple countries. India initially declared neutrality in the conflict but it provided medical assistance to Iraq and Kuwait sent relief supplies and helped evacuate foreign nationals from both countries during the crisis. India also worked closely with the United Nations to secure safe passage through the Persian Gulf for neutral shipping during the conflict. India’s diplomatic efforts during the conflict allowed it to establish closer ties with the Middle East something that continues to this day.” The role that India played in the First Gulf War was one of neutrality: India declared its neutrality and worked closely with the United Nations to secure safe passage for neutral shipping. India also provided medical assistance and supplies to both Iraq and Kuwait and helped to evacuate foreign nationals from both countries. India's diplomatic efforts during this conflict allowed it to establish closer ties with the Middle East which has helped to shape the region’s relationship with India in the decades since..

[Audio] In 1990 on August 2nd the First Gulf War broke out and lasted until February 28th 1991. India then under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar held its neutral position and declined to tie the war to the Palestinian cause as requested by Baghdad. India showed its utmost dedication to the matter by conducting the world's most impressive civilian evacuation operation in which more than 175 000 Indians were moved out of Kuwait between August 13th and October 20th 1990. This heroic feat was documented in the Guinness Book of World Records and was later immortalized in the 2016 film "Airlift.

[Audio] The First Gulf War resulted in significant casualties in the region. Over 100 000 Iraqi soldiers are believed to have been killed while approximately 400 coalition soldiers are reported to have lost their lives. The majority of the casualties were believed to be civilians." The First Gulf War was a major conflict in the Gulf region that lasted from August 1990 to February 1991. It was a costly conflict in terms of lives with both sides sustaining a significant number of casualties. Over 100 000 Iraqi soldiers are believed to have been killed while 400 coalition soldiers lost their lives. Most of the casualties were believed to be civilians. This underscores the horrific consequences of conflict and serves as an important reminder of why we must seek peaceful solutions to conflicts..

[Audio] Conflict between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States known as the First Gulf War lasted from August 2nd 1990 to February 28th 1991. Over 1 000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqi troops during the occupation with 600 Kuwaitis going missing and their remains later being found in mass graves in Iraq. Estimates of Iraqi military deaths range from 20 000 to 100 000 with more recent studies suggesting 20 000 to 26 000 were killed and 75 000 troops were wounded. U-S military losses amounted to 147 battle deaths and 235 non-battle deaths with one pilot still missing..

[Audio] The First Gulf War had many results. When it ended hostilities in Iraq stopped Kuwait gained back its sovereignty and the United Nations was formed to provide international security. It also had long-term effects including the intensification of militarization and the development of regional and worldwide security matters that would form the Middle East's future. Furthermore the war led to a significant change in U S foreign policy and the development of a new global order..

[Audio] We will now focus on the far-reaching consequences of the First Gulf War. Saddam Hussain's Iraq fought a U S -led coalition of 34 nations resulting in a humanitarian disaster with entire civilian populations in peril. Environmentally oil spills and other environmental damage had devastating effects on the civilian population's health whereas economically the war caused massive losses to the region. Let us analyse the effects of the war on people environment and the economy..

[Audio] The first Gulf War lasted from August 2nd 1990 to February 28th 1991. It had a lasting effect on the health of many soldiers with thousands of them suffering from "Gulf War Syndrome" including fatigue memory loss joint pain and other issues affecting a total of 263 000 soldiers. The conflict also had a devastating effect on civilians resulting in thousands of them killed injured or taken prisoner..

[Audio] Today we are going to look at the environmental impacts of the First Gulf War. We must remember that war is a widespread destructor and this war was no exception. The most damaging consequences of this war on the environment were the 11 million barrels of oil that had spilled into the Gulf affecting the marine life and wildlife in it. Additionally there were reports of 80 oil tankers and ships being sunk further polluting the Gulf's ecosystem. The desert flora was heavily devastated due to the extensive use of heavy weapons resulting in contamination of the groundwater. In addition to that there was massive air pollution caused by fires smoke and exploded armaments. To make matters worse Iraqi forces set fire to over 600 oil wells as they retreated contaminating the environment on a global scale..

[Audio] A conflict lasting almost seven months occurred during the First Gulf War. It was a struggle between Iraq and a US-led coalition that contained forces from 32 other nations. Iraq experienced considerable losses in arms and infrastructure and neighboring countries such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia were also damaged. To clean up Gulf oil spills was estimated to cost 700 million dollars. On a better note the progress of Kuwait's oil industry after the war helped to make up for some of the financial losses..

[Audio] An international military conflict between Iraq and a US-led coalition of forces from 34 nations the First Gulf War lasted for over five months and culminated in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. This intense confrontation had far-reaching implications not only in the region but throughout the world..

[Audio] In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait resulting in the Gulf War. The US-led coalition forces decisively defeated Iraq however casualties were suffered on both sides. Iraq lost between 25 000 and 50 000 troops with an additional 3 000 civilians. The US-led coalition forces reported over 3 000 casualties. Kuwait alone suffered 4 000 military and 1 000 civilian casualties while Saudi Arabia and Israel were also targeted by Scud missile attacks. In the years following the war the health impacts were still felt up to a decade later. Although the US-led coalition forces achieved victory the war proved to be devastating to all sides..

Jai Hind.