THE FIRST GULF WAR

[Virtual Presenter] Welcome everyone! Today we will be discussing an important event in modern history which has had a lasting impact on the world. Let's take a closer look at the First Gulf War from the events that led to the conflict to its resolution..

[Audio] The slide we are looking at is an overview of the first Gulf War which took place from 2nd August 1990 – 28th February 1991. The table of contents provides a glimpse into the various topics we will be discussing from the introduction to the causes of the war the course of the crisis and finally the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Let's take a closer look..

[Audio] "In this slide we will be taking a look at the operations that were run during the First Gulf War and the role of India in the conflict. We will then consider the consequences of the war and reach an overall conclusion. Let’s begin by looking at the operations that were conducted during the war..

-01-. INTRODUCTION.

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[Audio] The First Gulf War started in August 2 1990 and lasted until February 28th 1991. It was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States. The U-S military buildup took place from August 1990 to January 1991 and they launched an aerial bombing campaign against Iraq on January 17th 1991. The liberation of Kuwait concluded on February 28th 1991 effectively ending the First Gulf War..

[Audio] This slide focuses on the First Gulf War which began on August 2 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. Iraq's leader Saddam Hussein had several aims for the invasion including acquiring Kuwait's large oil reserves canceling Iraq's debt to Kuwait and expanding regional power. This was the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era. The U S led response to the invasion set important precedents for international use of military force in the following decades..

[Audio] Today we will be discussing the events leading up to the First Gulf War. This war began after Iraq had accrued a large debt following the expensive Iran-Iraq War. Iraq viewed Kuwait as part of their own country and accused them of stealing oil from the Rumaila oil field. These factors led Saddam Hussein to decide to invade Kuwait on August 2nd 1990. The United Nations passed Resolution 678 in response which demanded Iraq withdraw from Kuwait by January 15 1991. A coalition of countries led by the United States built up troops ships and equipment in case Iraq did not comply. Now let us explore the consequences of this war..

Causes of Gulf War 1991. -2-.

[Audio] In this slide we will look at the events that lead up to the First Gulf War between Iraq and Kuwait. Iraq had a longstanding claim to Kuwait regulated as two provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The al-Sabah family of Kuwait sought the help of the United Kingdom to handle their foreign affairs in 1899. The UK drew the Kuwait-Iraq boundary in 1922 making Iraq almost completely landlocked. To add to the tensions Iraq's dictator Saddam Hussein also continued to claim Kuwait as Iraq's territory. The debt Iraq owed to Kuwait and other nations built up after the Iran-Iraq War was another contributing factor in escalating the tensions..

[Audio] The First Gulf War began around 2 August 1990 and lasted until 28 February 1991 primarily due to economic reasons. Iraq was in debt and wanted to use Kuwait's oil reserves to pay it off as well as increase its bargaining power in the Middle East over oil production. Additionally Iraq accused Kuwait of exceeding its oil quotas set out by opec referring to this as economic warfare. Saddam Hussein also declared the invasion to show support for the Palestinian cause..

Course of Gulf Crisis. -3-.

[Audio] Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2nd 1990 was the cause of the First Gulf War. The United Nations attempted to find a peaceful resolution but it was the multinational forces composed of 34 different countries led by the United States that had to deploy military power to bring about the ground battle that would lead to the cease-fire agreement and the eventual end of the war on February 28th 1991..

[Audio] On August 2nd 1990 Iraq invaded the neighboring country of Kuwait. Their goal was to wipe out debts owed to Kuwait while also claiming back lost Iraqi land. They were further motivated by the drastically falling prices of oil which they attributed to Kuwait. Iraq acted quickly successfully taking control of the country..

[Audio] The First Gulf War occurred between August 2 1990 and February 28 1991. It stemmed from Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and prompted members of the global community to take action in order to restore peace. The United Nations declared the invasion illegal and resolutions were put in place demanding Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. U-S and UK among others sent troops to Saudi Arabia to intimidate Iraq while the UN issued economic sanctions against Iraq..

[Audio] Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2 1990 initiating the First Gulf War. Numerous nations attempted to achieve a peaceful resolution of the crisis including the United Nations providing talks with the Iraqi government. Nonetheless Iraq did not comply and instead refused to evacuate Kuwait consequently starting the war..

[Audio] The United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 was enacted setting a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait or be met with the use of force. In spite of this Iraq released some foreign captives yet refused to leave..

[Audio] After a period of months of strained negotiations Iraqi refusal to comply with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 which was calling for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait led to the forming of a multi-national military coalition and a deadline was set for Iraq to comply with the resolution. However when Iraq refused to abide by the resolution the coalition forces entered Kuwait and a period of armed conflict known as the First Gulf War began..

[Audio] The First Gulf War was an international conflict lasting from August 2 1990 to February 28 1991. It saw Iraq facing a coalition of 34 countries headed by the United States. This coalition made up of 20 countries whose forces totaled more than 200 000 personnel. Additionally forces from a further 200 countries contributed 2 000 personnel with other countries contributing between 0 and 200 personnel. This information was gathered from a variety of sources including Commons Wikimedia..

[Audio] The First Gulf War occurred between August 2nd 1990 and February 28th 1991 beginning when Iraq invaded Kuwait in violation of international law. This prompted an international response in the form of a US-led multinational force that set a deadline for Saddam Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. When Iraq did not comply air strikes against Iraq were initiated. Iraq retaliated by firing missiles at Israel and Saudi Arabia..

[Audio] Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 leading to what is known as the First Gulf War. Despite initially stating they would obey the United Nations' resolution to withdraw from Kuwait Iraq linked this to Israel leaving occupied territories which was rejected. Finding no other solution the Soviet Union proposed an 8-point proposal for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait resulting in a cease fire agreement which ended the war..

[Audio] The First Gulf War began on August 2nd 1990 and ended on February 28th 1991. Coalition forces headed by the United States concluded the conflict with a four-day ground offensive that caused Iraqi forces to retreat with Iraq burning numerous oil wells during the retreat. Upon the conclusion of the war President Bush declared a ceasefire and liberated Kuwait with Saddam Hussein remaining in power in Iraq though having to comply with weapons of mass destruction searches. Controversy followed President Bush's decision to leave Hussein in power as the goal of the coalition forces was to remove Iraq from Kuwait not Hussein himself. This marked the US's continued involvement in the region. Following the September 11 2001 attacks a second Iraq War began in 2003 and was based on global intelligence claiming Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction thus ending the First Gulf War..

[Audio] The First Gulf War began on 2 August 1990 when Saddam Hussein's Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait. The United Nations responded by creating a coalition of forces led by the United States to force Iraqi forces to leave Kuwait. The 1991 Gulf War lasted just over five months coming to an end on 28 February 1991 when a ceasefire was declared after Iraqi forces had been driven out of Kuwait." The First Gulf War which began on August 2nd 1990 was a conflict between the Iraqi forces led by Saddam Hussein and the United Nations coalition led by the United States. This war began when Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and lasted for over five months ending on February 28th 1991 when a ceasefire was declared and the Iraqi forces were driven out of Kuwait..

[Audio] Iraq had adopted an increasingly belligerent stance towards Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates prior to the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in the summer of 1990. Iraq accused Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates of exceeding opec quotas and even stealing oil. Talks between the two countries in Jeddah Saudi Arabia proved to be unsuccessful and Iraqi forces eventually invaded Kuwait on 2nd August 1990..

[Audio] From 2 August 1990 to 28 February 1991 the First Gulf War occurred resulting in 4 200 Kuwaiti combat deaths and the death of the emir's brother. After 14 hours of robust defense Iraqi forces captured Kuwait City without much difficulty and on 3 August a final plea for assistance was broadcasted through Kuwait Radio before going silent. We will now take a look at what else happened during this war..

[Audio] On August 2nd 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait causing Sheikh Jabir and the Sabah family as well as 350 000 Kuwaiti refugees to flee to Saudi Arabia for safety. As a result the exiled government established the Crown Prince Sa’d Al-Abd Allah as the leading figure while the Finance Minister Sheikh Ali Al-Khalifah was in charge of Kuwait’s overseas assets which amounted to 100 billion dollars. The First Gulf War which ensued from this event lasted from 1990 to 1991..

[Audio] On August 4th 1991 Iraq appointed Colonel Alaa Hussain Ali as head of state and formed a nine-member cabinet of "revolutionaries". Eight days later Iraq set up the Provisional Free Government of Kuwait and claimed the invasion had been requested by those who opposed the Ṣabāḥ dynasty. Two weeks after the initial invasion foreign diplomats had to shut down their embassies in Kuwait and relocate to Baghdad. On August 28th Saddam Hussein declared Kuwait the 19th province of Iraq changing place names and expanding the Iraqi province of Al-Basrah to include the Kuwaiti side of the Al-Rumaylah oil field and the islands of Būbiyān and Al-Warbah..

- Iraqi troops: pillage, rape, torture, murder, theft. - Death penalty for looters; exceptions: medical equipment, research assets, art treasures, $1.6B gold/cash. - Amnesty Intl: hundreds killed, thousands taken prisoner by Iraqi soldiers. - Incubator story debunked post-conflict..

[Audio] On August 2nd 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait initiating the First Gulf War. A coalition of countries mostly consisting of the U-S and the UK ran several military operations such as air strikes ground attacks blockades and maritime interdiction. These operations were effective in causing Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait and eventually accept a ceasefire on February 28th 1991..

[Audio] The Gulf War of 1991 occurred after Iraq refused to obey United Nations warnings. A coalition of 34 countries led by the United States and including the UK Saudi Arabia Egypt France Canada and more was formed in Saudi Arabia on August 2 in response. On January 17 Operation Desert Storm was started with a five-week bombardment of Iraq's oil refineries air defences and infrastructure. Iraq retaliated by firing Scud missiles at civilian and military targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel. The Operation was accentuated by aerial and naval assaults after which Hussein signed a ceasefire agreement on February 28 1991 bringing the war to a close..

[Audio] Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 the United States and its allies responded by deploying troops to Saudi Arabia in an effort to deter Iraq. The coalition force expanded to over 240 000 troops by November 1990 in order to isolate Iraq and give them an opportunity to peacefully leave Kuwait. Saddam Hussein refused to withdraw the Iraqi troops which prompted the United Nations to authorize the use of force if they did not leave Kuwait by January 15 1991. This led to Operation Desert Storm the military offensive to liberate Kuwait..

[Audio] India's role in the First Gulf War was primarily diplomatic in nature. A team of medical staff was sent to assist refugees and India expressed its support for the United Nations Resolutions without providing any military personnel. Furthermore India implemented an embargo on both Iraq and Kuwait which prohibited the sale and purchase of oil from Kuwait by India until the war's conclusion..

[Audio] The first Gulf War lasted from August 2nd 1990 to February 28th 1991. India under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar chose not to align itself with either side in the conflict but rejected Iraq’s request to make it related to the Palestinian issue. When the conflict happened India chose to take a stance that was beneficial to the country itself. During the Gulf War India undertook what was then the largest civilian evacuation operation in history. This remarkable operation rescued over 175 000 nationals from Kuwait in just 88 days a feat that earned itself a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. It was later depicted in the 2016 Hindi film Airlift..

[Audio] Almost three decades ago the Gulf War was fought between Iraq and a coalition of 35 nations led by the United States. By the time the war concluded it had caused extensive damage and a significant loss of life. Iraqi casualties are estimated to be between 25 000 and 200 000 and 607 military personnel were killed in action from the coalition forces. Additionally it is estimated that approximately 4 000 civilians were killed as a direct result of the conflict..

[Audio] The First Gulf War was fought from August 2nd 1990 to February 28th 1991. Estimates of Iraqi military deaths range from 20 000 to 100 000 with more recent studies suggesting 20 000 to 26 000 troops were killed with 75 000 Iraqi troops being wounded. Sadly over 1 000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed during the occupation with 600 Kuwaitis going missing and 375 remains found in mass graves in Iraq. Regarding American military 147 battle deaths and 235 non-battle deaths were reported with one U S pilot still missing..

[Audio] The Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq headed by Saddam Hussein and a coalition force of thirty-four nations led by the United States. It comprised a land battle an air campaign and a naval blockade across a span of around six months from 2 August 1990 to 28 February 1991. It had a range of impacts among them a sharp surge in oil costs changes in Iraq's domestic politics and a heightened role for the United Nations. The most noteworthy outcome however was the formation of a new regional balance of power and a new international order that prioritized multilateralism over unilateralism. This order would later lead to the Iraq War fought from 2003 to 2011..

[Audio] This slide examines the impacts of the first Gulf War on People Environment and Economy. Spanning from the 2nd of August 1990 to the 28th of February 1991 we will delve into the consequences of the conflict. We will discuss the many individuals affected the environmental destruction that ensued and the economic repercussions. Pay close attention to the information presented and do not hesitate to ask questions..

[Audio] The First Gulf War had devastating effects on both soldiers and civilians. Over 263 000 soldiers reported chronic fatigue memory loss joint pain and other illnesses known as "Gulf War Syndrome". Additionally thousands of civilians were killed injured or captured as a result of the war. It is essential to remember these outcomes when discussing the legacy of the First Gulf War..

[Audio] The First Gulf War had a significant environmental impact. Over 11 million barrels of oil were spilled into the Gulf causing damage to marine and wildlife and polluting the Gulf ecosystem. Additionally 80 oil tankers and ships were sunk with desert flora destroyed by heavy weapons and groundwater contaminated. Furthermore the conflict saw Iraqis setting alight over 600 oil wells as they retreated resulting in global environmental contamination. Air pollution from fires smoke and exploded armaments further worsened the impact..

[Audio] We are examining the First Gulf War which took place between 2 August 1990 and 28 February 1991. It had far-reaching effects particularly for Iraq who had to endure extensive losses of military resources and infrastructure that will require years and resources to recover. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia also suffered from infrastructural damage. Moreover it is estimated that 700 million dollars was spent on cleaning up oil spills in the Gulf. While Kuwait's oil industry profited from the post-war advances the total impacts of the war are still being felt..

CONCLUSION. -9-.

[Audio] Gulf War of 1990-1991 was an intricate conflict that had a major effect all over the world. It was a successful campaign from the US's point of view however it came with a great price to all involved. Iraq was forced to recognize numerous limitations on its military strength and was completely banned from owning any nuclear or chemical weapons. 25 000 to 50 000 Iraqi troops and 3 000 Iraqi civilians were slain in the war while the US-led coalition lost more than 3 000 troops and Kuwait reported 4 000 soldiers and 1 000 civilians killed. Additionally Saudi Arabia and Israel experienced civilian losses from the Scud missile attacks leading to universal denunciation. Even a decade after the war finished the health implications of the clash were still being felt..

Jai Hind.