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General characteristics and Classification up to classes; Digestion, Excretion and Reproduction in Annelida

General characteristics and Classification up to classes, Classification of Insecta up to orders Vision and Respiration in 
Arthropoda; Metamorphosis in Insects; Social life in bees and termites

General characteristics and Evolutionary significance

General characteristics and Classification up to classes; Respiration in Mollusca; Torsion and detorsion in 
Gastropoda; Pearl formation in bivalves

General characteristics and Classification up to classes; Protective mechanisms in echinoderms (Dermal skeleton, 
evisceration, autotomy); Water-vascular system in Asteroidea; Larval forms in echinoderms

1. Study of Aphrodite, Nereis, Heteronereis, Sabella, Serpula, Chaetopterus, Pheretima, Hirudinaria, Trochophore

2. Study of T.S. through pharynx, gizzard, and typhlosolar intestine of earthworm

3. Study of Limulus, Palamnaeus, Palaemon, Daphnia, Balanus, Sacculina, Cancer, Eupagurus, Scolopendra, Julus,

Bombyx, Periplaneta, termites, Apis, Musca, Crustacean larvae (Any three)

5. Study of Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Doris, Helix, Unio, Patella,Ostrea, Pinctada, Sepia, Octopus, Nautilus

6. Study of Pentaceros/Asterias, Ophiura, Clypeaster, Echinus, Cucumaria, Antedon

7. Study of mouth parts, digestive system and nervous system of Periplaneta*

8. Submit a Project Report on field study of the social behaviour of any insect (bees/termites/ants/wasps) or

behavioural pattern of earthworm in nature. (*Subject to UGC guidelines)

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Ecology is not more in semester 2 so we have cell                                                               
biology

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Virus, Viroids, Mycoplasma, Prions

Various models of plasma membrane structures, Transport across membranes: active and passive transport, 
facilitated transport; Cell-cell junctions, structures and functions: Tight junctions, adherens junctions, gap junctions

Structure and Functions: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Signal hypothesis, Vesicular transport from ER to Golgi apparatus; 
Protein sorting and transport from Golgi apparatus; Golgi apparatus, Vesicular transport: Coated Vesicles                    
Lysosomes; Peroxisomes.

Structure, Semi-autonomous nature, Endo-symbiotic hypothesis; Respiratory chain, Chemiosmotic hypothesis and 
ATP Synthase.

Structure and Functions: Microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediate filaments.

Structure of Nucleus: Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore complex, Transport of molecules across nuclear membrane, 
Chromatin: euchromatin, heterochromatin and packaging, nucleosome, nucleolus

Mitosis, Meiosis, Cell cycle and its regulation

Cell Signalling through G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and role of secondary messenger: cAMP and protein 
kinase; Apoptosis.

1. Principle of Light microscope, Phase contrast microscope and Electron microscope and principle of cell fixation,

2. Preparation of temporary stained squash of onion root tip to study various stages of mitosis.

3. Study the effect of colchicine on mitosis at 24 hrs and 48 hrs.

5. Preparation of temporary stained mount to show the presence of Barr body in human female blood cells/ cheek

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6. Cytochemical staining and preparation of permanent slide to demonstrate:

(c) Proteins by Mercuric Bromophenol Blue/Acid Fast Green.

Review of thermodynamics and the laws of thermodynamics, important principles and definitions of 
thermochemistry, concept of standard state and standard enthalpies of formations, integral and differential 
enthalpies of solution and dilution, calculation of bond energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from 
thermochemical data, variation of enthalpy of a reaction with temperature – Kirchhoff’s equation., statement of 
third law of thermodynamics and calculation of absolute entropies of substances.

Free energy change in a chemical reaction, Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical equilibrium, distinction 
between G and Go, Le Chatelier’s principle, relationships between Kp, Kc and Kx for reactions involving ideal gases.

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, Ostwald’s 
dilution law, ionization constant and ionic product of water, ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common 
ion effect, salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer 
solutions, Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications 
of solubility product principle

Structure and aromatic character of benzene.

Preparation: methods of preparation of benzene from phenol, benzoic acid, acetylene and benzene sulphonic acid.

Reactions: electrophilic substitution reactions in benzene citing examples of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation 
and Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation with emphasis on carbocationic rearrangement, side chain oxidation of 
alkyl benzenes.

Structure of haloalkanes and their classification as 1⁰, 2⁰ & 3⁰.

Preparation: starting from alcohols (1⁰, 2⁰ & 3⁰) and alkenes with mechanisms.

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Reactions: Nucleophilic substitution reactions with mechanism and their types (SN1, SN2 and SNi), competition with 
elimination reactions (elimination vs substitution), nucleophilic substitution reactions with specific examples from: 
hydrolysis, nitrite & nitro formation, nitrile & isonitrile formation and Williamson's ether synthesis.

Preparation: Methods of preparation of chloro, bromo & iodobenzene from benzene (electrophilic substitution), 
from phenols (nucleophilic substitution reaction) and from aniline (Sandmeyer and Gattermann reactions).

Reaction: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution by OH group (Bimolecular Displacement Mechanism), Effect of nitro 
substituent on reactivity of haloarenes, Reaction with strong bases NaNH2/NH3 (elimination addition mechanism 
involving benzyne intermediate), relative reactivity and strength of C-X bond in alkyl, allyl, benzyl, vinyl and aryl 
halides.

Unit 6: Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones (Aliphatic and 
Aromatic)

Structure and classification of alcohols as 1⁰, 2⁰ & 3⁰.

Preparation: Methods of preparation of 1⁰, 2⁰ & 3⁰ by using Grignard reagent, ester hydrolysis and reduction of 
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters.

Reactions: Acidic character of alcohols and reaction with sodium, with HX (Lucas Test), esterification, oxidation (with 
PCC, alkaline KMnO4, acidic K2Cr2O7 and conc. HNO3), Oppeneauer Oxidation.

B) Diols (upto 6 Carbons): Oxidation and Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.

C) Phenols: acidity of phenols and factors affecting their acidity.

Preparation: Methods of preparation from cumene, diazonium salts and benzene sulphonic acid.

Reactions: Directive influence of OH group and Electrophilic substitution reactions, viz. nitration, halogenation, 
sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Gattermann–Koch reaction, Houben-Hoesch condensation, reaction due to 
OH group: Schotten-Baumann reaction

Williamson's ether synthesis, Cleavage of ethers with HI

E) Aldehydes and ketones (Aliphatic and Aromatic):

Preparation: from acid chlorides and from nitriles.

Reactions: Nucleophilic addition, nucleophilic addition – elimination reaction including reaction with HCN, ROH, 
NaHSO3, NH2-G derivatives. Iodoform test, Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction, Wittig reaction, Benzoin 
condensation. Clemmensen reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction, Meerwein-Pondorff Verley reduction.

1. Determination of heat capacity of calorimeter.

2. Determination of enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.

3. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (KNO3, NH4Cl).

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4. Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.

1. Preparation of buffer solutions: (i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid or (ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium

acetate. Measurement of the pH of buffer solutions and comparison of the values with theoretical

Preparations: (Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed)

(Recrystallization, determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done in all

4. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehydes and ketones

5. Semicarbazone of aldehydes and ketones

Syllabus zoology 2nd

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