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Adoption Of Charging Infrastructure For Electric Vehicles In Ethiopia By: Seyidu Wohabrebi A Master’s Proposal/Thesis Submitted To School Of Graduate Studies Of Addis Ababa University In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For Degree Of Masters Of Science In Mechanical And Industrial Engineering (Industrial Engineering Stream) Advisor: Amaha M. ( Phd ) Co-advisor: Mihret Getachew Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute Of Technology ( Aait ) School Of Mechanical And Industrial Engineering (SMIE) Industrial Engineering Chair Date Of Submission: January 22, 2022.

Abstract. Electric vehicles (EV) are a new mode of transportations that are replacing conventional vehicles. However, EV s face the problem of insufficient charging infrastructure which limits their drive range. Furthermore, the limited resources of countries are also a major problem faced by EV s in infrastructure planning and development. To overcome this problem, this research will proposes a model, comprising several techniques that allocate the limited resources optimally. Moreover, the model also identifies the location and number of stations required for maximizing the drive range of EVs. This research will investigate the amount, type, and distribution of charging infrastructure that will be needed to support the transition of all type of EV s . As per the plan of the federal democratic republic of E thiopia transport sector ten years perspective plan de-carbonize the country's fleet by introducing 4,850 electric buses and 148,000 small vehicles. The number of chargers is estimated at the level of E thiopia , for five charging settings: home, workplace, depot, public normal and fast urban. Vehicle charging infrastructure scenarios, This analysis will calculates the amount of charging infrastructure required to support a level of electric vehicle adoption. This section provides the key modeling steps and data inputs to identify how many and what type of chargers will be needed in Ethiopia..

Introduction. Electric vehicles ( EV s ) have a long history, which even precedes the history of gasoline engine vehicles, going back as far as the mid-19th century. Although the dominance of EV s in the first decade of the 20th century was remarkable, it was short lived. The last decade has witnessed a growing interest in EV s , and many policy makers have created incentives to make EV ownership more attractive. Fluctuating oil prices and concerns over future oil supplies mean that EV s offer more stability in the cost of ownership than traditional gasoline cars. Advances in battery technology mean that EV s can go further than ever before on a single charge. Overall carbon emissions are much reduced if cars run on electricity produced at centralized power stations rather than on conventional gasoline engines. The environmental benefits of EV s may be further enhanced as electricity generation moves to renewable sources such as wind or solar ...

Background. There is no question that charging availability is one of the main enabling factors for EV deployment. EV charging is also available in various speeds, costs, and locations and these are tailored to meet the needs of drivers. According to the international energy agency’s (IEA) global EV outlook for 2019, there were more than 5.1 million electric vehicles worldwide in 2018, increasing by 2 million on the previous year. Based on existing commitments and announced new targets, the IEA forecasts continued growth in EV market share, with a global stock of total exceeding 130 million by 2030. ( Lamonaca and R yan , 2021). We present a new multi-period optimization problem for EV charging station siting influenced by both the availability of charging opportunities and local EV diffusion over time. ( Nazaria et al., 2019). Public charging infrastructure and fast charging are the most important charging infrastructures for electric vehicles owners. A fast charging infrastructure is essential not only for achieving a reasonable level of service, but also for minimizing the social cost. ( Zhanga et al., 2018).

Electric vehicles should be prioritized, so that they could replace conventional vehicles gradually. In this context, an EV-accommodating infrastructure, which ensures the functionality of the entire system, is essential. It has been reported that E thiopia has spent billions of dollars subsidizing fossil fuel imports. In order to minimize this high national cost, the government provides incentives for electric vehicles, so that the duty rate tariff on electric vehicles is minimal compared to conventional vehicles. Additionally, the public sector must play a leading role in setting up charging stations to help spread electric vehicles . As per the plan of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia transport sector ten years perspective plan de-carbonize the country's fleet by introducing 4,850 electric buses and 148,000 small vehicles. The number of chargers is estimated at the level of Ethiopia, for five charging settings: home, workplace, depot, public normal and fast urban . Those demands Requires charging infrastructure‘s..

Cont.…. This study aims to develop a methodological framework to identify suitable locations for the deployment of EV charging points in Ethiopia. The lack of charging infrastructure and delays the expansion and distribution of EVs in the car market considerably. Especially in this period in which transition to electric mobility is accelerating, electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) could be regarded as a necessity ( P agani et al., 2019). Electro mobility is a particularly complex eco-system, but supporting a robust EV -charging infrastructure that prioritizes these vehicles (and the use of renewable energy sources) is a fundamental step towards the right direction ( K ougias et al., 2020). Consumer surveys from across different global markets show that the lack of (adequate) refueling infrastructure will be a crucial restraint for the adoption of EVs ( N amdeo et al., 2014, L ieven 2015)..

cont …. Indeed, a study conducted in japan found that owners of EVs would not have bought one if there was not an adequate level of public station availability ( Lin, et al., 2011). The absence of an efficient EV charging network results in the range anxiety effect ( T hiel et al., 2012). Therefore, providing the EV users with easy and convenient charging services would be beneficial towards this scope ( H uang et al., 2019 and M icari , et al., 2017). Tellingly, modest public charging opportunities seem to be preferred over the development of longer-range vehicle capabilities ( T ran et al., 2013 and E gbue et al., 2012). To date, many public charging stations have been deployed in country and the number increases gradually ( H uang et al., 2019)..

Research questions. How many charging stations are required as per the plan of national transport sector of Ethiopia? What is the energy requirement for charging infrastructures? What is charging time demanded by charging category?.

Objectives. Charging stations are equally important to vehicles and clean energy provision, as they ensure the functionality of the entire system. That is why the researcher want to optimize the limited resource when allocating these charging stations, Ethiopia environment is critical for EV s-related growth. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop a methodological framework consisting of participative methods. As per the plan of the federal democratic republic of E thiopia transport sector ten years perspective plan. That is to introduce 4,850 electric buses and 148,000 small vehicles. For those demand how many charging stations are required. To define the energy requirement for those charging infrastructure. As per the plan to define suitable locations for the establishment of EVCS s in country. EV adoption shows promise that includes reducing emission, pollution, and dependence on imported crude oil..

Research methodology. Vehicle charging infrastructure scenarios This analysis will calculates the amount of charging infrastructure required to support a level of electric vehicle adoption. This section provides the key modeling steps and data inputs to identify how many and what type of chargers will be needed in Ethiopia. The modeling accounts for expected changes in vehicle range, home charging availability, charging speed, share of BEVs and PHEVs among EVs, and kilometers traveled. The estimates for private home, depot, workplace, public AC normal and fast urban access to workplace charging, accessibility of dedicated parking spots, and housing type. The charging needs are analyzed across the vehicle types of passenger car, taxi, private hire vehicle (collectively known as passenger vehicles), and light commercial vehicles..

Overview of methodology. The methodology used to assess charging needs in A ddis A baba, as per the plan of the federal democratic republic of E thiopia transport sector ten years perspective plan 2030. An overview of the modeling approach is provided in figure 1 below. The blue rectangles represent the model steps and begin at the top left. The yellow trapezoids indicate the data inputs and assumptions between the model steps, while the grey ovals explain what occurs at each step in a more readable form. The top left rectangle shows that the model starts with a projection of vehicle sales, which, in turn, allows the stock of vehicles to be tracked over time. The next step allocates this stock to drivers’ groups depending on the type of car (BEV vs. PHEV), home charging availability, and commuting status (car commuter vs. Non-car commuter). After this, the daily energy required is forecasted for each charging group. Finally, this electricity demand is calculated for each charging setting and translated into the number of chargers required based on estimated daily utilization..

Cont.…. l. Projectin electrrc Access to orkplace Ho A1 locatin ehicl s to Which 3 Energy require w uc n ua e an charging ec b h rgi c 4 Char2.in dernande har In tilization arszrng ow ev 5. Charge required c arge.

Cont.…. All results in this paper are presented according to charging categories: private home, depot (for light commercial vehicles), private workplace, public AC normal and public fast urban charging. The home category refers to private chargers in a home or apartment complex. Work and public charging are often interchangeable. We assume that a third of workplace chargers are public AC normal and the remaining ones are private. The yellow trapezoids of figure 1 represent data inputs, which are drawn from many sources and other analytical research. The main sources for these data areas, and the variables that depend on the data, are shown in table 1 below..

Table 1 Main data sources for key variables. Population Population in each sub city National statics agency Housing Number of houses and apartments in the sub city and accessibility to a dedicated parking spot National statics agency and Addis Ababa city administer Passenger car, taxi, PHV, and LCV sales and stock Registrations of new and stock of electric vehicles, including battery electric vehicle (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Addis Ababa transport authority, FDRE transport authority, FDRE customs commissions and FDRE minister of trade and industry Existing charging infrastructure Counts of AC normal and fast chargers per sub city. Addis Ababa city administer Charging behavior Observed share of charging at different settings and public chargers’ usage Addis Ababa city administer Annual kilometers driven Based on the share of the people living in Addis Ababa Addis Ababa transport authority (EVs owners ) Vehicle information Battery energy, charging acceptance rate Based on most common BEVs and PHEVs model in the city..

Projecting electric vehicles demand. As per the plan of the federal democratic republic of E thiopia transport sector ten years perspective plan de-carbonize the country's fleet by introducing 4,850 electric buses and 148,000 small vehicles The methodology outlined above is applied for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. A different methodology is used for taxis and PHV s . These two categories have had different market developments up to 2030 and their definitions differ slightly. Unlike taxis, which can be both hailed and pre-booked, private hire drivers are only allowed to pick up pre-arranged bookings made via mobile apps or websites..

Allocating electric vehicles to charging need groups.