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[Audio] SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFTER THE MARCOS REGIME.

[Audio] In 1986, when Corazon Aquino was the president, she changed the National Science and Technology Authority to the Department of Science and Technology. This move gave science and technology a voice in the government's decision-making. In the plan for the years 1987–1992, they emphasized how important science and technology were for helping the economy recover and grow. In 1990, during Corazon Aquino's speech, she stated that developing science and technology would be one of the government's top three goals for getting the economy back on track. On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino made the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology. They made the first Science and Technology Master Plan, aiming for the Philippines to become a newly industrialized country by 2000. However, in Congress, there wasn't much focus on dealing with laws about science and technology. The Senate Committee on Science and Technology discussed very few bills compared to other committees..

[Audio] Ceferin Follosco, the former Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), mentioned that in 1989, the budget for science and technology increased to 1.054 billion pesos from the previous year's 464 million pesos. However, due to the Asian financial crisis, the budgets for 1990 and 1991 were reduced to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. There was an increase in the budget to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992. During Corazon Aquino's presidency, she motivated scientists and inventors to elevate the Philippines to its former status as second only to Japan in the field of science and technology. One of her administration's goals was to make the country an industrialized nation by 2000. Aquino emphasized the need for a stronger collaboration between the private research sector and public research to accelerate progress in Philippine Research and Development..

[Audio] Fidel V. Ramos believed that science and technology could help the Philippines become a newly industrialized country (NIC). During his presidency, he implemented important programs in the field of science and technology. In 1993, the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established, focusing on priorities like exporting products identified by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), meeting domestic needs outlined by the President's Council for Countryside Development, supporting industries, and developing the coconut industry. During Ramos' term, Congress passed significant laws related to science and technology, including the Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439), the Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687), and the Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7459). Additionally, the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) was enacted, providing regulations for industrial property rights, copyrights, related rights, and technology transfer arrangements..

[Audio] During President Joseph Estrada's term, he signed two significant legislations: the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) aimed at protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable development, and the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which prohibited computer hacking and promoted new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy. In his first State of the Nation Address, President Estrada initiated a program focused on cost-effective irrigation technologies and declared an end to dole-outs. Instead, he emphasized providing basic health care, nutrition, and education for those who wanted it but couldn't afford it. He also announced the acceleration of the establishment of one science high school in every province. In his second State of the Nation Address, President Estrada highlighted the passage of the Clean Air Act and the decision to pursue a 15-year modernization program for the Armed Forces of the Philippines. In his final State of the Nation Address, he advocated for the advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age and announced the passage of the e-Commerce Act..

[Audio] During Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's administration, the science and technology sector in the Philippines was hailed as the "golden age" by Secretary Estrella Albastro. This period saw the implementation of various laws and projects focusing on the environment and science, aiming to leverage technology as a tool to boost the country's economic standing and benefit the less privileged. The term "Filipinnovation" was coined to emphasize the Philippines' aspiration to become an innovation hub in Asia. Efforts were made to enhance Science, Technology, and Innovations (STI) by strengthening educational institutions like the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which emphasized science, technology, and mathematics in its curriculum. Private sector involvement in school development through events and sponsorships was also encouraged, aiming to cultivate future Filipino scientists and innovators. Environmental concerns were a priority, leading to the passage of R.A. 9367 or the "Biofuels" Act, promoting the development and use of biofuels as a cleaner and potentially cheaper alternative to gasoline. Despite challenges like the lack of raw materials, efforts were made to implement the law fully. Drought-resistant rice was also promoted to enable farmers to continue rice production despite environmental hazards..

[Audio] To enhance efficiency in agriculture and fisheries, the government implemented Republic Act 10601, which focuses on the mechanization of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector (AFMech). This law covers research, development, and extension, as well as the promotion, distribution, and regulation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment. By 2023, the Philippines ranked 56th on the Global Innovation Index, reflecting the positive strides made in fostering innovation and technological advancement during this period..

[Audio] SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FIELDS. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FIELDS.

[Audio] Life sciences constitute a broad field that encompasses various specializations, focusing on the study of living organisms, including microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans. Within the umbrella of life sciences, there are well-known disciplines such as zoology, botany, biology, microbiology, biotechnology, and biomedical technologies. In the Philippines, the oversight of life sciences falls under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), a government agency responsible for coordinating and funding research conducted by Filipino scientists and inventors. This involvement aims to advance science and technology within the country. The DOST oversees multiple agencies dedicated to specialized fields, including the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD). These agencies play crucial roles in advancing knowledge and innovation in specific aspects of life sciences in the Philippines..

[Audio] The field of biology has been enriched by the contributions of several Filipino scientists. One notable figure is Eduardo Quisumbing, a biologist who earned an MS in Botany from the University of the Philippines Los Baños in 1921 and a Ph.D. in Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Morphology from the University of Chicago in 1923. He conducted research on orchids, focusing on taxonomic and morphological aspects, and authored the book "Medicinal Plants of the Philippines." A species of orchid, Saccolabium quisumbingii, was named in his honor. Another influential figure is Dioscoro L. Umali, an agriculturist recognized as the Father of Philippine Plant Breeding. Umali spearheaded programs related to rainfed and upland agriculture, social forestry, and environmental preservation. In the realm of marine biology, scientists like Angel Alcala have significantly advanced knowledge on aquatic resources. Alcala's research spans amphibians, reptiles, and marine biodiversity. He also served as a consultant on various marine and aquatic projects under international organizations. Gavino Trono, dubbed the Father of Kappaphycus farming, made significant contributions to tropical marine phycology, particularly in seaweed biodiversity. He established the G.T. Velasquez Herbarium at the University of the Philippines' Marine Science Institute, which is the largest phycological herbarium in the country. Trono authored a comprehensive book titled "Field guide and atlas of the seaweed resources of the Philippines," considered an authoritative source on seaweed flora in the country..

[Audio] The Philippines Biofuel Act of 2006, RA 9376, requires an increase in the minimum bioethanol blend (E5) in gasoline from 5% to a 10% ethanol blend (E10). In 2011, if the 10% bioethanol blend is followed, the consumption of 600 million liters of gasoline by car owners in the Philippines would be equivalent to 1 million metric tons of sugar. Ethanol, an alcohol produced from fermenting plant carbohydrates, can be derived from three main types of raw materials: simple sugars, starch, and lignocellulosic biomass. Due to the volatility of raw material prices, lignocellulosic biomass, known for its affordability and abundance in agricultural countries like the Philippines, has been extensively studied. Key sources of lignocellulosic biomass include forest residues, municipal solid wastes, and agricultural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse, nipa sap, and rice straws. Filipino scientists have conducted numerous studies on raw materials to achieve efficient and cost-effective bioethanol production. Research on nipa sap revealed that molasses is more advantageous to use, requiring a greater amount of nipa sap compared to molasses for the same bioethanol yield. A study on corn showed its viability for bioethanol production, with the potential to yield approximately 0.37 liters per kilogram of corn used. Other studies highlighted that sugarcane juice could produce around 70 liters per ton of sugar. However, using sugarcane juice as the primary feedstock raises concerns about competition with sugar production. Filipino scientists are actively exploring alternatives in the field of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes, aiming to tap into abundant and cost-effective resources..

[Audio] Engineering is a scientific field that utilizes both science and math to solve practical problems. Various disciplines fall under this umbrella, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, and industrial engineering. The goal of engineering is to apply technology in practical ways that contribute to the improvement of the human condition. In the Philippines, numerous organizations and research institutes have been established to promote and advance engineering. Two notable entities include the National Engineering Center (NEC) and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE). The National Engineering Center (NEC) originated on January 27, 1978, as the research arm of the University of the Philippines College of Engineering. It consolidated several existing centers, including the UP Industrial Research Service Center, the National Hydraulic Research Center, the Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry, the Transport Training Center, and the Building Research Service. The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) was created through the merger of two distinct civil engineer organizations, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE), on December 11, 1973. Accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission on August 13, 1975, PICE is recognized as the official organization for civil engineers in the Philippines. Its mission is to advance knowledge, promote research, and uphold high ethical standards within the field of civil engineering..

[Audio] Significant developments are underway in the research and technology of Philippine agriculture, with a focus on addressing issues like increasing hunger through more efficient and cost-effective crop yields. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) plays a crucial role in this effort, being an international consortium that includes the Philippines and aims to enhance rice production and quality through biotechnology and research. One ongoing research initiative at IRRI involves transforming the typical C3 carbon fixation mechanism of rice into a supercharged photosynthetic mechanism known as C4 carbon fixation. This transformation is beneficial as C4 plants, including potential C4 rice, can produce higher yields more efficiently using a limited amount of resources such as land, water, and fertilizer. IRRI's calculations indicate that converting rice into a C4 plant could potentially increase yield by 30-50%, demonstrating improved water-use efficiency and requiring less fertilizer. In addition to C4 rice research, other rice varieties have been developed to enhance efficiency without significantly compromising quality. Examples include PSB Rc26H (Magat), PSB Rc72H (Mestizo), and PSB Rc76H (Panay). Among these, Mestizo is currently available for planting and is noted for its texture and taste quality comparable to the conventional grain IR64. These advancements in agricultural research and technology signify ongoing efforts to create more sustainable and productive farming practices, ultimately contributing to addressing hunger and food security challenges in the Philippines..

[Audio] The Metals Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC) has actively collaborated with various organizations to develop technology aimed at bringing about improvements for different purposes. Notable projects include the Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) System and the Road Train, both unveiled during the annual Lantern Parade at the University of the Philippines Diliman. This collaboration between UP Diliman and MIRDC aimed to facilitate faster travel for UP students and the public. The AGT System had two stations, one along C.P. Garcia and the other along University Avenue. Another noteworthy collaboration involved the creation of the Hand Tractor, a project by MIRDC and the Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech). This equipment combines the functionality of a transplanter-attached hand tractor and a harvester-attached hand tractor, making rice transplanting and harvesting implements readily available from the tractor. This innovation is expected to benefit farmers by reducing costs and increasing the utilization of hand tractors. These collaborative efforts showcase MIRDC's commitment to advancing technology for practical applications, addressing various needs and challenges in transportation and agriculture..

[Audio] The Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) serves as the primary research arm of the Philippine government in the field of food and nutrition. Initially established in 1947 as the Institute of Nutrition, its primary role was to serve as a hub for data and information related to nutrition. In 1949, its scope expanded to include research in the applied science of food. The FNRI underwent reorganization through Executive Order No. 128, issued in 1987. This redefined its mandate to conduct research on food and nutrition, specifically to identify solutions to malnutrition issues, develop programs, projects, and policies to address malnutrition, and disseminate research findings. As part of its functions, the Food Composition Laboratory was established and is now known as the Food Analytical Service Laboratory (FASL). FASL is a pioneering laboratory dedicated to researching the food and nutrient composition of Philippine foods. Their services encompass chemical testing, microbiological testing, physico-chemical testing, as well as research and consultancy services. Additionally, FNRI is involved in developing simple recipes tailored for small-scale and household use, particularly for infants and children. These recipes are accompanied by nutritional information, properties, and assessments of market potential. Through these efforts, FNRI plays a crucial role in addressing malnutrition concerns and promoting better nutritional practices in the Philippines..

[Audio] Healthcare in the Philippines encompasses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, as well as the provision of medical care to communities. The Department of Health (DOH) is the government agency overseeing healthcare in the country. Its primary responsibility is to organize public healthcare and ensure that all Filipino citizens have access to quality health services. The DOH is also tasked with supervising and funding research related to new medicines and medical devices. The DOH consists of various bureaus, each specializing in different areas. These include the Bureau of Health Devices and Technology, Bureau of Health Facilities and Services, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, Bureau of Local Health Development, Bureau of Quarantine and International Health Surveillance, and the Food and Drug Administration. In terms of budget, the DOH had a budget of Php 87.6 billion for the year 2015. The Secretary of Health, nominated by the President of the Republic of the Philippines, leads the DOH. As of the latest information, the incumbent Secretary of Health is Janette Garin, who was appointed on February 17, 2015. The DOH plays a vital role in ensuring the health and well-being of the Filipino population through its comprehensive healthcare initiatives and services..

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines?fbclid=IwAR0YcQd_RRwM5RBEcZC3bfwBXY4h6i6xkrkW7amHuCw3mb_-nY-FqqNObjY#History Ctto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFGkCwEj9mk&fbclid=IwAR2IT860Zy3gHMrPPxVxkN7GA2NgXnglUZ0xBjPqSmepTLaJSpNyd_aRc74.