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The various steps involved in the 
execution of researcar known as 
research process.

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It is the first proceproblemesearch process.
It is the discovery of problem to be studied.
It is identified on the basis of experience of the researcher, guidance of friends and availability and 
accessibility of data.

There are two types of research problems:

▪ Problems relating to the state of nature.

▪ Problems relating to the relationship between variables.

Two steps are involved in the formulation of research problem:

▪ Stating the problem in meaningful  terms.

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The researcher should examine all the available literature to ensure that no

research has been undertaken in the selected area of study.

▪ Conceptual literature – deals with concepts and theories.

▪ Empirical literature – consists of research studies conducted earlier

The review of literature helps to researcher to:

▪ Formulate the research problem meaningfully.

▪ Provide insight in to the method and techniques to be adopted for the conduct of

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▪ Select appropriate measurement instruments taking clue from the

instruments used by other research workers in similar research 
sudies.

▪ Ensure that all the related prior research studies have been

▪ Anticipate the problem in his research and devise method to avoid

pitfalls with regard to measurement or response and non response 
error.

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A research proposal is a summary of thr research to be

conducted stating the objectives of the study,methodology 
of research, the benefits of the study, period of study, 
qualifications of tge researcher and the resources and 
facilities required during research.

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A hypothesis is a tentative assumption regarding the solution to the

▪ Null hypothesis - assumes that there is no difference between

population parameter and the sample mean.

▪ Alternative hypothesis – it provides an alternative solution.

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A research design is a plan stating the conditions for collection

It helps the researcher to collect and analyse data with minimum cost 
and time

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The area of study is termed as universe or population.

There are two methods for the collection of data from the universe:

▪ Census method – collection of data from all the items of the universe or population.

▪ Sampling method – selection of a few items from universe and drawing

▪ Primary data – data collected by the investigator directly from the universe.

▪ Secondary data – data already collected and avaliable from published sources.

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The checks by the researcher has to ensure that the project is

executed in a systematic manner and in time. Questionnaire are 
prepared and send to the respondents.Sudden field checks by the 
researcher are to be made to ensure that field workers are adhering to 
the instruction.

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The raw data collected in bulky and meaningless. Reducing the

raw data collected to a manageable size is called processing.

It involves classification, tabulation, coding  and editing.

The tabulated data is analyzed with the help of various statistical 
measures lik averages, percentage, coefficient of dispersion, 
coefficient of correlation, regression and trend analysis.

Mechanical device like computer can be used for tge analysis of data.

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Testing of hypothesis is fir providing the validity of the hypothesis.

For testing the hypothesis various statistal tools like

Testing depends on the nature of the research, method of sampling 
and tupe of data. On testing, the hypothesis is either accepted or 
rejected. Acceptance of hypothesis means the proposition is valid.

RM ppt1 (1)

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