[Virtual Presenter] Diabetic patients have an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition which is caused by the build-up of fat deposits in arteries. This increased risk is attributed to two main factors: hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation. Hyperglycemia is caused by elevated blood sugar levels, and chronic inflammation is caused by prolonged activation of the body's immune system. The presence of these two factors can lead to an increased risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients, thus raising the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.. 

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RISK OF DEVELOPING ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS: THE EFFECT 
OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.
             
                     OLUWANIFEMI OLUSOMO ADEYEMO
                                                     Med23580202@eu.edu.ge

[Audio] Hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation are primary risk factors for atherosclerosis in diabetes patients. The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) have shown that cardiovascular disease in diabetes is linked to tighter glycemic control. The Chinese Atherosclerosis Risk Evaluation (CARE-II) study indicates that those with diabetes are more likely to have carotid plaque with calcification and lipid-rich necrotic cores than those without diabetes. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study of 2010 found people with no clinical signs of diabetes, but with high fasting glucose levels, were more at risk of ischemic heart disease and associated mortality. Diabetes is related to atherosclerosis and its consequences, so it is important to be mindful of the correlation and take the necessary steps to manage the risk.. 

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INTRODUCTION
Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease that thicken and damage the arteries. This is caused
by a buildup of plaque in the endothelial tissue of the arteries from some factors such as
high  cholesterol,  smoking,  diabetes,  high  blood  pressure  and  certain  genetic  effect.
Following rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaques generates thrombotic events
that can certainly be disastrous. Over the years, atherosclerosis has been associated
with diabetes. It is responsible for amputation and almost 80% of deaths in diabetic
patients.  
METHODS
The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and Diabetes Control and Complications
Trial (DCCT) clinical trials  reported that a rigid glycaemic control could minimise the
advancement of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes, whereas various argument
has surfaced on this subject with respect to the prevalence of hypoglycaemic incidents.
A  cross-sectional  Chinese  Atherosclerosis  Risk  Evaluation  (CARE-II)  study  of  subjects
with  or  without  diabetes,  with  previous  manifestations  such  as  cerebral  ischaemic
symptoms of anterior circulation and carotid atherosclerosis plaques, has lately shown
that people with diabetes are inevitable to have carotid plaque with calcification and
lipid-rich necrotic cores than people without diabetes. This indicates that diabetes may
lead to the growth of tougher atherosclerotic lesions. However, the Atherosclerosis Risk
in Communities (ARIC) study in 2010 reported a higher occurrence of cardiovascular
ailments and death due to ischaemic cardiopathy also in topics with no clinical mark of
diabetes nevertheless having a fleeting day or hyperglycaemia. 
Clinical dealings amid diabetes and atherosclerosis are well recognised. Most of the
clinical and trial data concerning the beginning of diabetes problems are linked with
atherosclerosis,  signifying  that  the  influence  of  long-lasting  hyperglycaemia  might
encourage  harm  to  vascular  homeostasis,  which  is  primarily  imputable  to  the
endothelium purpose. Several experimental revisions have initiated improved levels of
the mediators of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and
plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), as main associatory discoveries amid diabetes
and atherosclerosis.

[Audio] Diabetes has been linked to atherosclerosis, a condition in which cholesterol and fats build up in the arteries, leading to blockages and potentially serious consequences. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study identified a positive relationship between diabetes and athlerosclerosis development in the internal carotid artery. Multiple studies have spotted an increased prevalence of arteriosclerosis in individuals with diabetes, often due to vascular calcification, vascular stiffness, and peripheral vascular disease. Mechanistically, diabetes has been linked to changes in endothelial functions and disruption of microRNA patterns, both of which may have an effect on the emergence of atherosclerosis. To gain a deeper understanding of the connection between diabetes and atherosclerosis, additional research is needed.. 

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Results have revealed that individuals with diabetes have an extreme occurrence of
two or more vessel diseases compared with people without diabetes. Nevertheless, the
Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) stated that there is an association of
increased  atherosclerosis  in  the  internal  carotid  artery  with  diabetes  and  that  the
degree  of  atherosclerosis  in  recently  diagnosed  diabetes  is  higher  regarding
normoglycemic  subjects.  Growing  evidence  also  displays  a  higher  prevalence  of
arteriosclerosis in persons with diabetes, categorized by vascular calcification of the
media (VCm) and by vascular stiffness (VS), both contributes to the evocatively high
occurrence of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) with more severe complications and
lower extremity amputations. The activation mechanisms driving VCm/VS are dissimilar
from  atherosclerosis  due  to  the  initiation  of  different  biochemical  cascades.  The
acceptance of the final mechanisms is unquestionably vital for future studies in T2DM. 
Under the impact of the diabetes milieu, microRNA patterns (short RNA molecules able
to modulate their target gene expression) might hurt some variations disturbing the
levels of substantial proteins, pushing the dysregulation of endothelial purposes, and
hastening atherosclerosis. 
KEYWORDS
Atherosclerosis, cerebral ischaemic, carotid plaque, diabetes, hyperglycaemic.
References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084712/
Anastasia Poznyak,1 Andrey V. Grechko,2 Paolo Poggio,3 Veronika A. 
Myasoedova,3 Valentina Alfieri,3 and Alexander N. Orekhov1,4  . The Diabetes 
Mellitus–Atherosclerosis Connection: The Role of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism and 
Chronic Inflammation.  2020 Mar 6. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051835. PMID: 32155866; 
PMCID: PMC7084712.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2047487319878373.
Lucia La Sala, Francesco Prattichizzo, and Antonio Ceriello. The Link Between Diabetes 
and Atherosclerosis. 2019 November. Volume 26, Issue 2_suppl. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319878373.

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RISK OF DEVELOPING ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS

Hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation are primary risk factors for atherosclerosis in diabetes patients

The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) have shown that cardiovascular disease in diabetes is linked to tighter glycemic control

The Chinese Atherosclerosis Risk Evaluation (CARE-II) study indicates that those with diabetes are more likely to have carotid plaque with calcification and lipid-rich necrotic cores than those without diabetes

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study of 2010 found people with no clinical signs of diabetes, but with high fasting glucose levels, were more at risk of ischemic heart disease and associated mortality

Diabetes is related to atherosclerosis and its consequences, so it is important to be mindful of the correlation and take the necessary steps to manage the risk.

avatar

Diabetes has been linked to atherosclerosis, a condition in which cholesterol and fats build up in the arteries, leading to blockages and potentially serious consequences

The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study identified a positive relationship between diabetes and athlerosclerosis development in the internal carotid artery

Multiple studies have spotted an increased prevalence of arteriosclerosis in individuals with diabetes, often due to vascular calcification, vascular stiffness, and peripheral vascular disease

Mechanistically, diabetes has been linked to changes in endothelial functions and disruption of microRNA patterns, both of which may have an effect on the emergence of atherosclerosis

To gain a deeper understanding of the connection between diabetes and atherosclerosis, additional research is needed.

RISK OF DEVELOPING ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS

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