Psychological attributes chapter 1

Psychological attributes chapter 1.

Psychological attributes refer to the various characteristics, traits, and qualities that are associated with an individual's psychological makeup..

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[image]. Individual differences.. For psychologists, individual differences refer to distinctiveness and variations among people’s characteristics and behavior patterns..

[image] Authoritarian Permissive Focus on obedience, punishment over discipline Don't enforce rules, 'kids Will be kids' Authoritative Uninvolved Create positive relationship, enforce rules Provide little guidance, nurturing, or attention.

situationism. Personality Traits:. Personality traits refer to enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent across different situations and over time. These traits are relatively stable and represent individual differences in how people typically think, feel, and behave. Personality traits are believed to be relatively consistent and predictable, shaping an individual's responses and actions across various contexts..

REACTION TIME. https://humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime.

Intelligence is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges. Aptitude refers to an individual’s underlying potential for acquiring skills. Interest is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others Personality refers to relatively enduring characteristics of a person that make her or him distinct from others. Values are enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behavior..

Assessment of Psychological Attributes. If you want to have a complete assessment of a person, you will need to assess how s/he functions in various domains or areas, such as cognitive, emotional, social, etc. Psychological Test is an objective and standardized measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioral characteristics. Interview involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis. Case Study is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of her/his psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of her/his psychosocial and physical environment. Observation involves employing systematic, organized, and objective procedures to record behavioral phenomena occurring naturally in real time. Self-Report is a method in which a person provides factual information about herself/himself and/or opinions beliefs, etc..

APPROACHES. Psychometric Approach:. - The psychometric approach involves the measurement and assessment of psychological attributes using standardized tests and measurement tools. It focuses on the quantitative measurement of psychological constructs such as intelligence, personality traits, attitudes, and aptitudes. Psychometric assessments aim to provide reliable and valid measurements of psychological attributes for research, clinical, and educational purposes..

INTELLIGENCE. “ Intelligence is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges.” Oxford Dictionary explains intelligence as the power of perceiving, learning, understanding, and knowing. Alfred Binet was one of the first psychologists who worked on intelligence. He defined intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well. Buddhi, according to J.P. Das, includes such skills as mental effort, determined action, feelings, and opinions along with cognitive competence such as knowledge, discrimination, and understanding. Sternberg views intelligence as “the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”..

[image]. Alfred Binet was the first psychologist who tried to formalize the concept of intelligence in terms of mental operations. His theory of intelligence is called Uni or one factor theory of intelligence..

[image]. In 1927, Charles Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis. He showed that intelligence consisted of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). The g-factor includes mental operations which are primary and common to all performances..

[image]. Verbal Comprehension (grasping meaning of words, concepts, and ideas), Numerical Abilities (speed and accuracy in numerical and computational skills), Spatial Relations (visualizing patterns and forms), Perceptual Speed (speed in perceiving details), Word Fluency (using words fluently and flexibly), Memory (accuracy in recalling information), and Inductive Reasoning (deriving general rules from presented facts)..

[image] II -. 4. Arthur Jensen -hierarchical model of intelligence.

[image]. 5. J.P. Guilford -Structure of-intellect model.

Francis Galton - Father of differential psychology Alfred Binet - First psychologist who tried to formalize intelligence in terms of mental operations; One factor theory Charles Spearman - Two-factor theory Louis Thurstone - Theory of primary mental abilities Arthur Jensen - Hierarchical model of intelligence J.P. Guilford - Structure of intellect model.

The above mentioned theories are representations of psychometric approach to understand intelligent behavior..

PART-2. INTELLIGENCE.

INTELLIGENCE. “ Intelligence is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges.” Oxford Dictionary explains intelligence as the power of perceiving, learning, understanding, and knowing. Alfred Binet was one of the first psychologists who worked on intelligence. He defined intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well. Buddhi, according to J.P. Das, includes such skills as mental effort, determined action, feelings, and opinions along with cognitive competence such as knowledge, discrimination, and understanding. Sternberg views intelligence as “the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”..

The EIGHT types of intelligence. iiåi\.

6. Howard Gardner-Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

7. Robert Sternberg :Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

Metacognition is the process of thinking about one's own thinking and learning..

CONTEXTUAL SUBTHEORY Specifies the behaviours considered intelligent in a particular culture EXPERIENTIAL SULTHEORY Specifies how experiences affect intelligence and how intelligence affects a person's experiences COMPONENIIAL SUBIMEORY Specifies the cognitive processes that underline all intelligent behaviour METACOMPONENTS Control. monitor and evaluate cognitive processing PERFORMANCE COMPONENTS Execute strategies assembled by metacomponents KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION COMPONE.VIS Encode. combine and compare information.

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8. J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby (1994). Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive (PASS) Model of Intelligence.

Das and Naglieri :Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)..

Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test,. [image] The Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test is a non-verbal test that assesses abstract reasoning and general human intelligence..

[image] •Howard Gardner-Theory of Multiple Intelligences •Robert Stemberg -Triarchic Theory of Intelligence J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby - Planning, Aftenfion-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive (PASS) Model of Intelligence •Das and Naglieri .Cognifive Assessment System (CAS). •Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) Tesf, non-verbal test that assesses abstracf reasoning and general human intelligence..

PART 3. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN Intelligence. intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). In 1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, made the first successful attempt to formally measure intelligence. In 1908, when the scale was revised, they gave the concept of Mental Age (MA) Chronological Age (CA) is the biological age from birth. Retardation was defined by Binet and Simon as being two mental age years below the chronological age..

[image]. William Stern, a German psychologist, devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient.

The frequency distribution for the IQ scores tends to approximate a bell shaped curve, called the normal curve.

[image] Table 1.1 : Classification of People on the Basis of Ig IQ Range Descriptive Label Above 130 Very superior 120 - 130 Superior 110- 119 High average Per cent in the Population 2.2 6.7 16.1 50.0 90 - 109 80-89 70 - 79 Below 70 BGIOtt1 SC) Average Low average Borderline Intellectually disabled IIJCGIIGC,UJSIIX qrgpr;q BOLCIGLI!IJG 16.1 6.7 2.2 ss.

Intellectual Deficiency. Adaptive behaviour refers to a person’s capacity to be independent and deal effectively with one’s environment The American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) views Intellectual disability as “significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period”. The different levels of intellectual disability are: Mild (IQs 55 to approximately 70), moderate (IQs 35–40 to approximately 50–55), Severe (IQs 20–25 to approximately 35–40), and profound (IQs below 20–25)..

Intellectual Giftedness. IQs of 130 and above to examine how intelligence was related to occupational success and life adjustment. Although the terms ‘talent’ and ‘giftedness’ are often used interchangeably, they mean different things. Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas. Talent is a narrower term and refers to remarkable ability in a Rationalised 13 specific field (e.g., spiritual, social, aesthetic, etc.). The highly talented are sometimes called ‘prodigies’..

Some important characteristics of gifted children are :.

EXTRA. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are popular assessments developed by David Wechsler. Binet-Simon tests, including the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, are among the earliest intelligence tests. They assess skills like reasoning, problem-solving, and memory..

PART 4. INTELLIGENCE TESTS & CONTRIBUTIONS.

INTELLIGENCE TEST IN INDIA. The Sanskrit word ‘buddhi’ which is often used to represent intelligence Buddhi, according to J.P. Das, includes such skills as mental effort, determined action, feelings, and opinions along with cognitive competence such as knowledge, discrimination, and understanding. S.M. Mohsin – Hindi (pioneering attempt in constructing an intelligence test ) C.H. Rice – Urdu Panjabi (standardise Binet’s test ) Long and Mehta prepared a Mental Measurement Handbook listing out 103 tests of intelligence in India that were available in various languages.

NCERT (National council of educational research and training) has documented Indian tests. Critical reviews of Indian tests are published in the form of handbooks NLEPT (The National Library of Educational and Psychological Tests )has brought out the handbooks in the area of intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and interests..

Verbal, Non-Verbal, or Performance Tests. Table 1.2 : Some Tests Developed in India • • • • Verbal CIE Verbal Group Test of Intelligence by Uday Shankar Group Test of General Mental Ability by S. Jalota Group Test of Intelligence by Prayag Mehta The Bihar Test of Intelligence by S.M. Mohsin Group Test of Intelligence by Bureau of Psychologr, Allahabad Indian Adaptation of Stanford-Binet Test (Third Edition) by S.K. Kulshrestha Test of General Mental Ability (Hindi) by M.C. Joshi. • • • • Performance CIE Non-verbal Group Test of Intelligence Bhatia's Battery of Performance Tests Draw-a-Man Test by Pramila Pathak Adaptation of Wechsler Adult Performance Intelligence Scale by R. Ramalingaswamy.

NON VERBAL TESTS. RPM CAS PERFORMACE TESTS. Alexander’s Passalong Cube Construction Kohs’ Block Design.

Integral intelligence. “Intelligence in the Indian tradition can be termed as Integral intelligence.”.

following competencies are identified as facets of intelligence in the Indian tradition :.

Culture-fair tests. Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, has argued that culture provides a social context in which people live, grow, and understand the world around them Culture-fair tests are designed to be culturally appropriate and not discriminate against individuals from different cultural backgrounds..

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