"performance of concrete manufactured using waste water"

“performance of concrete manufactured using waste water”.

Contents:. Introduction Objectives Literature Survey Methodology Mix Design Results and Discussion Conclusion References.

INTRODUCTION. CONCRETE Concrete is defined as a mixture of sand, gravel and water which dries hard and strong and is used as a material for building. Concrete, usually Portland Cement Concrete , is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens overtime, in the past, lime based binders such as lime-putty, were often used but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as calcium aluminites cement or Portland cement to form Portland cement concrete. Many other non-cementitious types of concrete exist with other methods of binding aggregate together, including asphalt concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road surfaces, and polymer concrete that use polymers as a binder..

WATER Water scarcity is an ongoing water crisis and it is affecting nearly 1 million people each year. India has only 4% of the world’s fresh water resources over a population of over 1.3 billion people. Per capita water availability is less than 1,700 m³ and the present value in India is noticed as 1,545 m³ . According to the prediction of water ministry, water availability could reduce to 1,341 m³ in 2025 and it could be noticed as 1,140 m³ by 2050 . Large amount of water is needed in construction industry for various purposes. water is needed to manufacture concrete, plastering etc., On the other hand water treated from sewage treatment plant and wash water from the RMC plant are left to Nala considerably, which is affecting the aquatic life. Reuse the same water in construction industry is a better alternative to overcome the scarcity of water..

objectives. To study the suitability of concrete manufactured using waste water generated from Sewage treatment plant and RMC plant . To study the mechanical properties of concrete manufactured using waste waters. To study the durability of concrete manufactured using waste waters. To study the microstructure of concrete ..

LITERATURE SURVEY. Amir Hossein Askariyeh (2019): “Investigating the Possibility of Using Recycled Industrial Waste Water Instead of Potable Water in Concrete Mixture”: The study concluded that, using treated waste water is possible for concrete mixture and it helps to save fresh water. The chemical contents as silica of the type of treated industrial waste water is generally higher than potable water but as long as chemicals are within ASTM standard limits, there is no negative effect on strength of concrete even it helps to has higher compressive concrete. When treated industrial wastewater remained under the sun for 7 days there was a reduction in compressive strength of concrete when compared with samples prepared with the same water remained in shade. However, strength properties of concrete in both cases were higher than those prepared with potable water. Brian Wasserman (2012): “Wash Water in The Mix: Effects on compressive strength of concrete”: The study concluded that, Concrete made with wash water from a settlement pond, with a total suspended solids (TSS) level less than 50,000 PPM, and concrete made with tap water might have similar compressive strength. This study has demonstrated that, under limited conditions, there is a significant difference between the compressive strength of concrete made using wash water and that of concrete made using tap water. Across all test groups, the concrete made with wash water had higher compressive strength than concrete made with tap water. The research data demonstrated that the null hypothesis should be rejected and that there is a statistically significant difference between using tap water in a concrete mix and using wash water in a concrete mix. The research demonstrated there was significant difference between the compressive strength of concrete made with wash water and concrete made with tap water. The reuse of concrete wash water would be of benefit to the ready-mix companies, the contractors and the environment..

Ramkar A.P., Ansari U.S. (2016): “Effect of Treated Waste Water on Strength of Concrete”: In this paper, the study deals with effect of different type of treated waste water on properties of strength of concrete such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength with respect to Potable water. The study concluded that, sewage treated waste water (STWW) contains less impurities and is fit as per IS provision. The consistency, initial and final setting time of cement paste by mixing STWW is within the IS limit. The compressive strength of mortar is increased by mixing STWW at the end of 28 day. The compressive strength of concrete is increased by mixing STWW at the end of 60 days. There is no any significant difference in tensile strength and flexural strength is improved by using STWW. E.W. Gadzama , O.J. Ekele , V.E. Anametemfiok and A.U. Abubakar (2016): “Effect of Sugar Factory Waste Water as Mixing Water on The Properties of Normal Strength of Concrete”: In this paper, the study deals with use of sugar factory waste water in concrete cubes to determine the strength of concrete as compared to concrete cubes prepared by mixing potable water. Different percentage of waste water is substituted while preparing different concrete cubes to determine the compressive strength effect of waste water on concrete. According to result, the setting time of waste water increases with an increase with percentage replacement. However, there were appearances of hair-like cracks all over the cubes casted with an appreciable volume change in the dimension of the cubes. At 28 th day, target strength was not achieved but it ranged from 83% to 91%. When the curing duration was extended to 90 days, strength of concrete reached to target strength..

Kami Kaboosi (2021): “Experimental and Statistical Studies of Using the Non-Conventional Water and Zeolite to Produce Concrete”: The study concluded that, the reduction rates of compressive strength of concrete constructed by all types of non-conventional water compared to control treatment in the high cement content were within the permissible limit of 10% of which recommended by different standards. However, in low cement content, the use of all types of non-conventional water led to an increase in this property. Mr. Nisarg Shankar, DR. Puttaraju , Ms. Shree Latha B, Ritesh L (2017): “Impact of Conventionally and Non-Conventionally Treated Waste Water on Characteristic Strength of Concrete”: In this study the compressive strength of normal grade of concrete made by potable water with the secondary treated conventional and non-conventional type for different mix proportions of 0.35, 0.4 and 0.45 water cement ratio for 7, 14 and 28 days the optimum type of secondary treated water is used for concrete for its mix and also for its curing. The study concludes that, the normal consistency, initial and final setting time of cement paste by mixing secondary treated waste water within the IS limit. The compressive strength of non-conventionally treated water concrete of 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 water cement ratio are more compared to the conventionally treated water in all the ratios. For 0.45 water cement ratio the compressive strength of non-conventionally treated waste water is almost same as the portable treated water for 14 and 28 days. When compared to three water cement ratios (0.35,0.4 and 0.45) 0.45 water cement ratio is found to be efficient in using it in concrete mix and curing for treated water..

Vijay H (2017): “Reusing Treated Effluents for Making Concrete”: In this study, water samples were obtained from for sources which include potable water, treated domestic sewage water, service station water and dairy water. The compressive strength result obtained from treated effluent showed an increase in 8.26% for 28 days compared to fresh water. This study concluded that the use of treated effluents, auto service stations (garage) water and dairy wastewater has no noticeable side effect on the strength of concrete produced from them. The compressive strength of the plain concrete cast and cured with reused wastewater effluent increased with the curing period and the physio-chemical properties. The replacement of fresh water by treated effluent conserved the natural water resources and increased the strength of concrete. The study therefore recommends the reuse of treated effluents with acceptable physio-chemical properties for use in plain concrete works. Further investigations should be carried out on the effects of effluents on the durability of both plain and reinforced concrete structures. K. S. AL-JABRI, A. H. AL-SAIDY, R. TAHA and A. J. AL-KEMYANI (2011): “Effect of using Wastewater on the Properties of High Strength Concrete”: The study concludes that, the chemical composition of the wastewater is generally higher than tap water, but within the standard limits specified in ASTM. The high concentrations of some substances could raise concerns about the potential for corrosion and sulfate attack in reinforced concrete structures. As the curing period increases the compressive strength of the concrete is also increased irrespective of the wastewater percentage used. There was no significant difference in the cube compressive strength of concrete among different mixes after 28 days of curing. All concrete mixtures with wastewater replacement showed similar water absorption rates to the control mixture..

Jeff Borger, Ramon L. Carrasquillo, and David W. Fowler (1993): “Use of Recycled Wash Water and Returned Plastic Concrete in the Production of Fresh Concrete”: The study concludes that in general, the use of wash water increased the sulfate resistance of the mortar. This was the case even when a high C3A type III cement was used in the wash water because the added amount of C3A was relatively small. The permeability of the resultant mortar mixtures was reduced due to the increased cement content of the entire mix. The hydration of cement could be controlled by the use of stabilizing and activating admixtures. Shahiron Shahidana , Mohamad Syamir Senin , Aeslina Binti Abdul Kadir, Lau Hai Yee, Noorwirdawati Ali (2016): “Properties of Concrete Mixes with Carwash Wastewater”: In this study, the basic characteristics of waste water were investigated according to USEPA while the mechanical properties of concrete with car wash waste water were compared according to ASTM C1602 and BS EN 1008 standards. In this research, the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength were studied. The percentage of waste water replaced in the concrete mix ranged from 0% up to 40%. In addition, the results suggested that the concrete with 20% car wash water achieved the highest compressive strength and modulus of elasticity compared to other compositions of waste water. The pH value for car wash wastewater was in the range of 8.8 to 10.6 which is slightly higher than tap water. However, the sulphate and chloride content in car wash wastewater were within the ASTM and BS standards requirement. The use of 10% car wash water results the lower value of compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, however it shows increasing while 20% and 30% but beyond the 30% all the result decreasing..

Conclusion from the Literature Survey: The studies carried out in context to mechanical properties of concrete using Sewage Water and wash water from RMC Plant. However seldom have studies on the effect of usage of these water on mechanical and durability properties of concrete and their comparative study. Therefore, there is requirement to study both mechanical properties and durability properties of concrete manufacture using waste water and to arrive at useful results..

Dept. of Civil Engineering 2021-22. METHODOLOGY. Physical properties of cement, aggregates are determined. Chemical properties of water are obtained. Fresh properties of concrete are determined using Slump cone test. Mechanical properties are determined using Compressive strength test and Flexural test. Determination of Durability properties using Porosity, water absorption, water penetration, Sorptivity, Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT ), Sulphate attack and Chloride attack tests. Analysis of microstructure of concrete using Scanning Electron Microscope test (SEM test)..

Material Properties. Tests on Materials Results obtained Standard values as per IS Reference IS Code Cement: Zuari OPC 53 Initial Setting Time 1.6 >30min IS-4031(Part 5) Final Setting Time 8.2 hrs <10hrs IS-4031(Part 5) Specific gravity 3.25 3.15 IS-2720(Part 3) Coarse Aggregate: Impact Value 21.62% <30% IS-2386(Part 4) Specific Gravity 2.55 2.5-3.0 IS-2720(Part 3) Flakiness 9.15% <15% IS-2386(Part 1) Elongation 7.85% <15% IS-2386(Part 1) Water Absorption 0.15% <2% BS-1881 Fine Aggregate: Specific Gravity 2.53 2.65-2.67 IS-2720(Part 3) Water Absorption 1.16% <3% BS 6349 Finess Modulus Test 2.75 2.0-4.0 IS 383.

Specific Gravity of Cement. Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate.

Tests on Water:. Tests Results obtained (IS 10500-2012) Potable Water Sewage Water RMC water pH 7.1 7.8 8.3 Turbidity test (NTU) 0.7 0.9 1.3 Total Hardness Test (mg/L) 110 123 134 Chloride content (mg/L) 61.45 64.47 66.22 Total solids (mg/L) 3.5 2.5 5.0.

Mix Design. Material Volume Cement 394 kg/m³ Water 205.53 kg/m³ Fine Aggregate 649.10 kg/m³ Coarse Aggregate 1078.82 kg/m³ W/C ratio 0.60.

Slump Cone Test:. Results and Discussion:. Concrete Type Slump (mm) Trial - 1 Trial – 2 (after Adjustment) PW 90 105 SW 88 109 RW 75 102.

POROSITY:. Mercury intrusion porosimetry test was conducted according to RILEM CPC 11.3 on the concrete samples manufactured with potable water, RMC waste water and sewage water to determine the pore The results of Porosity are given in Table . It may be observed from the table that the porosity of concrete containing waste waters were higher compared to concrete with potable water. The porosity of SW concrete and RW concrete were 10% and 27% higher respectively compared to PW concrete. Large variation in porosity is observed RW concrete when compared to PW concrete. This may be attributed to lack of homogeneity in concrete. Also, the variation in porosity between SW and PW concretes were observed to be marginal..

WATER ABSORPTION. Concrete Type Water Absorption (%) (BS 1881-122 (2011) ) PW 1.0 SW 1.2 RW 1.5.

WATER Penetration:. The water penetration depth test for every concrete samples of 150*150*150 mm in the 28 days age was conducted based on the BS EN 12390–8 (2009) standard. The results of water penetration depth are provided in Table. It can be observed that SW and RW concrete shows higher water penetration compared to that of PW concrete. Water penetration in SW and RW concrete are respectively 35% and 54% % higher in comparison with PW concrete. The results are in concurrence with the results of porosity and water absorption test. As the porosity increases, the water penetration also increases..

Rapid chloride ion penetration test:. Concrete Type Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration (Coulombs) (ASTM C 1202-2019) PW 1300 SW 1305 RW 1618.

SORPTIVIY:. The Sorptivity test is performed in accordance with the ASTM C 1585. This test is used to determine the rate of absorption (Sorptivity) of water by measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen resulting from absorption of water as a function of time.

SL No. Time in Seconds Square root of Time (√T) in seconds Observed gain in mass (g) ∆M- cumulative gain in mass (g) Absorption Rate (Sorptivity) (I) in mm 1 0 0 1192.1 0 0 2 60 8 1190.5 1.6 0.19805 3 180 14 1190.2 1.9 0.23518 4 300 17 1189.9 2.2 0.27232 5 1200 35 1189.7 2.4 0.29708 6 1800 42 1188.5 3.6 0.44562 7 3600 60 1188.3 3.8 0.47037 8 7200 85 1187.8 4.3 0.53226 9 10800 104 1187.2 4.9 0.60653 10 14400 120 1186.3 5.8 0.71794 11 18000 134 1185.9 6.2 0.76745 12 21600 147 1185.0 7.1 0.87886 13 86400 294 1183.5 8.6 1.06453.

Table: Results of Sorptivity of R W concrete. SL No. Time in Seconds Square root of Time (√T) in seconds Observed gain in mass (g) ∆M- cumulative gain in mass (g) Absorption Rate (Sorptivity) (I) in mm 1 0 0 951.7 0 0 2 60 8 949.9 1.8 0.22281 3 180 14 949.4 2.3 0.28470 4 300 17 948.6 3.1 0.38372 5 1200 35 947.2 4.5 0.55702 6 1800 42 945.9 5.8 0.71794 7 3600 60 945.4 6.3 0.77983 8 7200 85 944.6 7.1 0.87886 9 10800 104 943.8 7.9 0.97788 10 14400 120 943.0 8.7 1.07691 11 18000 134 942.4 9.3 1.15118 12 21600 147 941.6 10.1 1.25021 13 86400 294 939.3 12.4 1.53491.

Dept. of Civil Engineering 2021-22. Absorption Rate 0 8 14 17 35 42 60 85 104 120 134 147 294 0 0.19805 0.23518 0.27232000000000001 0.29708000000000001 0.44562000000000002 0.47037000000000001 0.53225999999999996 0.60653000000000001 0.71794000000000002 0.76744999999999997 0.87885999999999997 1.06453.

The results of sorptivity tests based on measurements of gained weight and sorptivity coefficient at 28days are summarized in table and the variation of sorptivity for SW and RW concretes are shown in figures above . From the Tables it was observed that the weight of water absorbed (WA) gradually increased within 24 h while the uptake rate of water decreased as indicated by the decreased slope of curves. Generally, the whole process of sorptivity test can be divided into two linear stages as shown s chematically in figures. In the first stage with a higher slope (S1), sorptivity coefficient is related to the capillary suction; and the lower one in the second stage (S2) is attributed to the filling of pores and air voids. As we can see in the above tables , the weight absorbed value and sorptivity coefficient for sample RW were significantly higher than those of SW, suggesting that the RW contributes to a more open pore structure in the near-surface of concrete specimens. It is clearly illustrated that the RW has higher water absorption value than SW sample, therefore SW sample may contribute to higher compressive strength value than RW sample..

Compressive Strength:. Duration of Curing Concrete Type Weight (Kg) Density (Kg/m 3 ) Force Applied (KN) Area of Cube (mm 2 ) Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) 7 days PW 7.98 2365 490 22500 21.77 SW 7.85 2326 470 22500 20.88 RW 7.6 2251 450 22500 20.00 28 days PW 8.32 2466 625 22500 27.77 SW 8.19 2427 610 22500 27.11 RW 8.1 2400 580 22500 25.70.

7Days PW RW SW 21.77 20 20.88 28Days PW RW SW 27.77 25.7 27.11.

As it was observed from Rapid chloride ion penetration test that all the type of concrete belongs to low permeable category, which is the evidence for only marginal strength reduction in SW and RW Concretes. Also the rate of gain in strength of SW and RW concrete are similar to that of PW concrete at 7 days and 28 days. Therefore, it is evident that the quality obtained from sewage treatment plant and RMC Plant has no negative effect on strength of concrete..

Flexure Strength:. Sample Flexural Strength (N/mm 2 ) PW 5.9 SW 5.5 RW 5.1.

Dept. of Civil Engineering 2021-22. The Flexural strength results were shown in Fig. 3 and Table 4. The flexural test was carried out at the age of 28 days. Flexural strength decreases when treated waste water and RMC waste water are used in concrete mix. The flexural strength of SW and RW concretes are 6.8% and 13.6% lower when compared to PW concrete. Marginal decrease in strength was noticed in SW concrete when compared to PW concrete. However, a moderate decrease in flexural strength was observed in RW concrete. This observation is also in line with the porosity and Rapid chloride ion penetration test along with the density of concrete. As it was observed from Rapid chloride ion penetration test that all the type of concrete belongs to low permeable category, which may be the evidence for only marginal strength reduction in SW and moderate in RW Concretes..

Figure shows the SEM images of concrete specimens manufactured by using treated sewage water and RMC waste water. The SEM image of SW shows moderately homogeneous hydration product without deep cracks. Micro cracks were observed which were bridged by ettringite needles..

Sulphate Attack:. The concrete cubes of size 150 mm x 150mm x 150mm have to be casted. These cubes are then cured for 28 days in fresh water. Then these cubes are dried and weight of each cube is noted. In this experimental study the concrete cubes are subjected to 3 % sulphate solution keeping in mind that even in worse environmental conditions the presence of sulphur is below is 2.5 percent. A non-porous container is selected and sulphate solution has been prepared by adding 3 % of concentrated sulphuric acid to 10 litres of distilled water. They are then immersed in the sulphate. solution and kept undisturbed for 14 days(in process). The initial observations (After 2 days) are made after drying the cubes, there was peeling off concrete surface which reacts with sulphate ..

CHLORIDE Attack:. A non-porous container is selected and chloride solution has been prepared by adding 3.5% sodium chloride to 50 litres of distilled water. This solution is stirred well so that all the sodium chloride salts gets dissolved in the solution. The cubes after 28 days of curing has been taken out and dried. The initial weights of these cubes are found. They are then immersed in the chloride solution for a period of 14 days (in process) and kept undisturbed. The initial observations (After 2 days) are made after drying the cubes, there was no much reaction as was seen in the sulphate attack..

CONCLUSION:. Dept. of Civil Engineering 2021-22. The MIP test result demonstrated larger pores in the concrete samples manufactured with treated sewage water and RMC water. The porosity of concrete manufactured using treated Sewage water was nearly equivalent to that of potable water. Whereas in RW concrete it is considerably higher. The utilization of treated sewage water and RMC water in constructing concrete specimens rose the water absorption, water penetration contents, Sorptivity and charge passed as well as decreased the compressive strength while compared to using potable water, which they indicate the increase of the concrete permeability in using waste waters. However the strength variation was marginal. H omogenous structure of concrete specimens was noticed in specimens using treated sewage water whereas fairly heterogeneous structure with more pores was noticed in samples using RMC water. In general the concrete samples manufactured using waste waters have good strength, but may have slightly low durability compared to concrete samples manufactured using potable water. However, further studies are required to overcome the negative aspects of durability. So that large quantity of waste water getting wasted can be effectively utilised..

REFERENCES. Amir Hossein Askariyeh (2019): “Investigating the Possibility of Using Recycled Industrial Waste Water Instead of Potable Water in Concrete Mixture”: Brian Wasserman (2012): “Wash Water in The Mix: Effects on compressive strength of concrete”: Ramkar A.P., Ansari U.S. (2016): “Effect of Treated Waste Water on Strength of Concrete”: E.W. Gadzama , O.J. Ekele , V.E. Anametemfiok and A.U. Abubakar (2016): “Effect of Sugar Factory Waste Water as Mixing Water on The Properties of Normal Strength of Concrete”: Kami Kaboosi (2021): “Experimental and Statistical Studies of Using the Non-Conventional Water and Zeolite to Produce Concrete” Mr. Nisarg Shankar, DR. Puttaraju , Ms. Shree Latha B, Ritesh L (2017): “Impact of Conventionally and Non-Conventionally Treated Waste Water on Characteristic Strength of Concrete” Vijay H (2017): “Reusing Treated Effluents for Making Concrete” K. S. AL-JABRI, A. H. AL-SAIDY, R. TAHA and A. J. AL-KEMYANI(2011): “Effect of using Wastewater on the Properties of High Strength Concrete” Jeff Borger, Ramon L. Carrasquillo, and David W. Fowler (1993): “Use of Recycled Wash Water and Returned Plastic Concrete in the Production of Fresh Concrete” Shahiron Shahidana , Mohamad Syamir Senin , Aeslina Binti Abdul Kadir, Lau Hai Yee, Noorwirdawati Ali (2016): “Properties of Concrete Mixes with Carwash Wastewater”.

Thank you. Dept. of Civil Engineering 2021-22.