PROGRESS PRESENTATION

PROGRESS PRESENTATION. CONTAMINATED WATER TREATMENT OF WOOD-BASED INDUSTRIES BY USING ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORBENT FROM LOCALLY AVAILABLE OIL PALM AGRO-WASTE.

Presentation Outline. Research background Problem statement Objectives Literature review Methodology Analysis and results Conclusions.

Research Background. Malaysia exported approximately RM 22.5 billion worth of wood products, primarily consisting of furniture and panel products, such as wooden furniture, medium-density fiberboards (MDF) and plywood The revolution of wood products was a great success in terms of economic stability, nevertheless, it also introduced the production of huge quantities of pollutants emitted into the air and water that are harmful to human health. Heavy metals effluent was the among contaminants that occur in wastewater related to the wood-based industry. The accumulation of these contaminants will eventually give a negative impact on the environment, especially on living things..

Copper, Arsenic, Manganese, Zinc, Aluminium and Cadmium were often linked to this type of industry One of the technologies that exist for the remediation of removing metals element from wastewater is adsorption In recent years, many researchers have explored using agricultural wastes as precursors with some modifications using the chemical for the production of adsorbent in the form of activated carbon (AC) The conversion of oil palm waste to valuable products has witnessed much interest from researchers. When tons of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) are processed, palm oil processing industries generate a variety of byproducts such as empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre, palm kernel shell, and palm oil mill effluent Apart from the mill wastes as stated, there is also the oil palm leaves (OPL), oil palm petiole (OPP) and oil palm trunk (OPT) received from the plantation which considered as agro -waste.

Problem Statement. Heavy metal-containing industrial effluent streams are generated by a variety of industries. One of the potential origins is the wood-based industries. However, the wastewater pollution from these industries were often investigated in view of suspended solids and oxygen demand Nonetheless, applicable process such chip washing, housekeeping, and equipment cleaning, will generated small volumes of highly polluted metal wastewater Since cleaning wastewaters are often generated manually and intermittently in the wood sector. Their metals composition has not been carefully characterized. Thus, the implementation of proper on-site wastewater treatment systems for these wastewaters has been neglected. As a result, it is predictable that this industry does not incorporate advanced levels into its WWTP design..

Oil palm waste is oftentimes utilized as a precursor in various purposes of AC production, considering Malaysia as one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world However, there are no references reporting the expending use on some parts of its waste as such petiole as an adsorbent for removal of heavy ions from wastewater. Whilst, it was estimated an average of 54.43 million tonnes per year of this wastes will be available during the replanting process in the years 2007 – 2020 This has given more stable proof of the continuous biomass supply..

Objectives. (a) To characterize the oil palm petiole (OPP) as precursors for activated carbon (AC) namely physicochemical features, morphology structure, and thermal degradation (b) To elucidate the optimum concentration of modification agent (of acid HNO3 and alkaline KOH for activation) and carbonization temperature of developed oil palm leaves activated carbon (OPP-AC) (c) To analyse factors affecting Fe, Zn and Mn (II) removal in batch adsorption, namely pH of wastewater, the mass of AC, contact time and mechanism of heavy metals removal (d) To investigate the adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics in batch adsorption and the regeneration of OPP-AC using column adsorption for Fe, Zn and Mn (II) adsorption from industrial-based wastewater.

Literature Review.

Methodology. Start Washing AC characterization Adsorption using batch study Raw material preparation (OPL and OPP) Carbonization Optinuzing carbonization temperature or time Adsorption using fixed bed study Oven dried for 24 hours Impregnation using HNO or KOH End.

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Results and Analysis. Wastewater characterization.

Wastewater samples were taken from the EQ tank The screening test was carried out, from the results Mn, Fe and Zn were the main focuses in this study since the value exceeding the permissible limits of standard B industrial effluent discharge. As explained in sub chapter 2.2.1 Mn, Fe and Zn are most likely originated from the wood chip washing process which being directly transferred into wastewater treatment plant The pH and temperature of wastewater were also recorded during the samples taken and the reading was approximately range from 5 to 6 and 32 to 33°C, respectively. Notice that the pH was in acidic state since it was below than 7..

Physiochemical analysis of raw-OPP. Lignocellulose analysis.

The results show that OPP has a high quantity of cellulose and a moderate amount of lignin, with values of 25.95 and 16.81 %, respectively. This was in line with Said (2021), who said that cellulose is the most essential element of oil palm biomass Except for kernel shell, the proportion of cellulose in OPP is lower in this study than in other types of palm oil biomass. As a result, the time needed for OPP degradation was shorter, and the temperature utilised to degrade the biomass ingredients was lower. This has benefited AC generation in this study in the terms of energy consumed. In addition, it was found that OPP gives the lower percentage of ash, which was 1.71%, less than the maximum limit set by ASTM D-2866-94 which was 5%. The purpose of measuring the ash content of activated charcoal is to quantify the metal oxide content of AC and also as indication of a high-grade carbon. In regard to the investigations, OPPs are ideally suited to be employed as the AC’s precursor..

Thermal degradation. TGA. DTG. 480°C. Figure 2 TGA and DTG profile of raw OPP.

In accordance with the TGA profile, the pyrolysis of OPP proceeded in three major phases; (I) moisture evaporation and light volatiles removal (30 – 80 °C) with weight lost 2.84% (II) rapid de-volatilization mostly degradation of hemicellulose (80 – 340 °C) (III) char formation from degradation of cellulose and the slow de-volatilization of lignin (340 – 480 °C) (IV) > 480°C shows horizontal line which represents the depletion of fixed carbon and the amount of final unburned residual called ash content at the final temperature (Inari et al., 2018). From the TGA and DTG results, the carbonization temperature of 460, 480 and 500 ºC was set for this study, since it involved the variety of low, medium and high temperature in order to obtain optimum yield, besides having good physicochemical properties..

Surface functional group of raw-OPP. Figure 3 FTIR analysis results of raw-OPP.

Figure 4.3 shows the functional group of raw-OPP. The existing frequency peak of C-O stretching for raw-OPP were detected around 1000-1200 cm-1 represent the structure of lignin. The peak also represents the functional group of cellulose and hemicellulose structure. Other typical peaks on the OPP that occurred in this study including hydroxyl (O-H), aliphatic (C- Hx ), carboxyl (C-O), aromatic skeletal (C-C), carboxylate (C-O-C), phenolic (O-H) and C-O and C-H vibrations and bending of lignocellulosic components were detected in the raw-OPP (Lawal et al., 2021). The O-H and C-H bending were very similar with Lawal (2021) study by which O-H band cantered around 3397cm-1 and the aliphatic C-H asymmetric stretching vibration at 2914 cm-1. Meanwhile, the band in this study were at 3313 cm-1 and 2917cm-1, respectively. The O-H peaks proves the existence of free and intermolecular bonded hydroxyl O–H stretching vibration of alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids as in cellulose, and lignin, thus showing the presence of “free” hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface ( Ghanny , 2019)..

The occurrence of C-O was also detected at 1363 cm-1 resembles Maulina and M Iriansyah (2018) fidings at 1323.17 cm-1. The absorption peak at 1736-1602 cm-1 indicates the presence of C=O and C=C aromatic group (Seri Maulina and Vidyanova Anggun Mentari, 2019; Mohd Suffian Yusoff et al., 2021). This group is a typical group found in AC and shows that the oil palm frond forms an active carbon substance. Another strong symmetric stretching was detected at 1032 cm-1, whereby reveals the appearance of C-O alcoholic group ( Mohd Suffian Yusoff et al., 2021; Setyaningrum et al., 2013).

Surface morphology of raw OPP. Ipm x 5,000 3.0kV SEI 12/8/2021 MiNT-SRC HIGH 5.7mm.

Figure 4 illustrates the surface morphology of OPP before it was activated. The first figure shows a thick and flat pattern with small fractures in between. This was attributed to the high amount of lignin, a phenolic polymer that gives the plant structural strength and gives it a hard and rough wood-like structure ( Yacob et al. 2017). In the second figure the precursors were found as having compacted surface with shallow and clogged pores pattern with size ranging from 1.4 to 2.1 nm. The pore formation may due to the reaction of pre-treatment and heating process during oven drying. However, the surface is clearly illustrated as an unsatisfied adsorptive material due to the presence of non-porous surface..