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12-18  November 2018 HANDLE WITH  CARE Handle  A ntibiotics with care H elp   stop the spread of A ntibiotic  R esistance .

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Antibiotics defined and discovery Antibiotics resistance cause and effect Threats of antibiotics resistance What should be done What we can do

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The  word "antibiotics" comes from the Greek anti ("against") and bios ("life"). The noun “antibiotic” was suggested in 1942 by Dr. Selman A. Waksman, soil  microbiologist.

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An  antibiotic is a drug that kills  or  slows the growth of  bacteria.   Antibiotics  are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganisms (i.e. bugs or germs such as bacteria and fungi).

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PENICILLIN The first antibiotic was  discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough for medical science .  He joined the military as physician scientist during the  wwI

' In 1928,
was æking the
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PENICILLIN The   first  patient Albert Alexander, a 43-year-old policeman, was  treated with penicillin  on 12 February 1941 Was  known as  M iracle  D rug

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He found it to be effective against all Gram-positive pathogens, which are responsible for diseases  such  as scarlet fever, pneumonia,  gonorrhea , meningitis and diphtheria.  In time, they were able to mass-produce it for use during World War II . Medics using  penicillin  to combat infections in  soldiers  and  the communities

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Antibiotics are life-saving drugs which have  revolutionized  medical care in the last 80 years.  Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine . They are important medicines which help fight infections that are caused by bacteria.

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Is a normal flora Exist with humans There is as much bacterial cells in the body as human cells

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are  simple one-celled organisms that can be found, by the billions, all around us: on furniture and counter-tops, in the soil, and on plants and animals. They are a natural and needed part of life .  can cause  disease and infection when they are able to gain access to more vulnerable parts of our bodies and multiply rapidly .   can infect many parts of the body: eyes, ears, throat, sinuses, lungs, airways, skin, stomach, colon, bones, genitals.

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Antibiotics are one class of  ANTIMICROBIALS 	 	  which also  includes;   A nti-viral,   A nti-fungal,  Anti-parasitic  drugs.

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Antibiotic Discovery and  Resistance timeline

Image result for antibiotics discovery and resistance timeline

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• ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotic introduced
Erythromycin
1953
Methicillin
Penicillin Tetracycline
1960
1943
1950
Gentamicin
1967
Imipenem and
Ceftazidine
1985
Vancomycin
1972
1979
Gentamicin
resistant
enterococcus
Levofloxacin
1996
1996
Levofloxacin
resistant
pneumococcus
Linezolid Daptomycin Ceftaroline
2000
2003
1962
Methicillin
resistant
staph
1959
2001
Linezolid
resistant
staph
XDR
2010
2011
Ceftaroline
resistant
staph
1965
Tetracycline
Penicillin
resistant shigella
resistant
pneumococcus
Antibiotic resistance identified
Data from CDC, 2013.
1988
Vancomycin
resistant
enterococcus
(extensively
drug
resistant)
Tuberculosis
2004
pan-drug
resistant
acinetobacter
and
pseudomonas
Graphic by Neil Murthy/MEDlLL

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I ncrease  in antibiotics consumption was marginal in the three countries with the highest usage – the US, France and Italy. But it was a different story elsewhere . In  Asia, consumption of antibiotics more than doubled in India, skyrocketed 79% in China and rose 65% in Pakistan. The three countries are the biggest users of antibiotics among the countries deemed low and  middle-income In the 76 countries studied, the number of so-called “defined daily doses” consumed rose from 21.2 billion in 2000 to 34.8 billion in 2015.

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Antibiotics  - should kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, if not the bacteria will fight back and multiply All antibiotic used can lead to antibiotic resistance The more antibiotic is used the more antibiotic resistance there is

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Bacteria mutates in 30 minutes  Applies Darwinian principle “survival of the fittest”

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WHO  recognizes the biggest AR threat worldwide The increase in Antibiotic Resistance = Mortality increases

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Treatment to lung infection, open surgery and cancer would be impossible We are approaching a post-antibiotic era, in effect, an end to modern medicine, where a  streph  throat or a simple scratch knee can kill

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occurs when bacteria become resistant to the drugs used to treat them

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“  first step and a priority for every  country is  eliminating overuse of  antibiotics ”    especially given the alarming projection that by 2030, consumption may have increased by another 200%.

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Decrease the use of antibiotics = decrease antibiotic resistance Increase hygiene, promote good hygiene in our homes and hospitals

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Remove antibiotic from  animals, raise healthy animals through traditional means Not to Treat simple cough and colds with Antibiotics Boosts your immune system  and fight off  disease

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A healthy immune system can defeat invading pathogens as shown above, where two bacteria that cause gonorrhea are no match for the large phagocyte, called a neutrophil, that engulfs and kills them (see  arrows).

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Healthy ways to strengthen your immune system

Your  first line of defense is  to         choose a healthy lifestyle .  Following  general good-health guidelines is the single best step you can take toward naturally keeping your immune system strong and healthy.

BALANCE
cn Protein
e NUTRITION
FRESH
Healthy=
Brain Health
Fitness
HEALTH
NUTRITION
Lifestyle
DIET
BALANCE
Activit)
Movement
Stress Management c)
0 Outdoors
JOY o
Natural

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Every  part of your body, including your immune system, functions better when protected from environmental assaults and bolstered  by healthy-living strategies;

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Don't  smoke. Eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables. Exercise regularly .

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Maintain  a  healthy weight . If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation . Get adequate sleep.

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Take  steps to avoid infection, such as washing your hands frequently and cooking meats  thoroughly.

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When you're feeling
down and out,
Mood Lift helps you
smile more and
worry less,
So you can put the
bounce back into
your step.

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i ANTIBIOTICS
World Health
Organization
Antibiotic
resistance poses a
BIG THREAT
to global health

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FIGHT
ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE
IT'S IN YOUR
HANDS,

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Effective waste
TREATMENT
can protect the
environment and reduce
antibiotic resistance
Organization

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Drug-resistance is circulating
among humans, animals, and the
ENVIRONMENT
ANTIBtoncs
World Health
Organization

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Farmers
and food
'ÖÖÖé é
producers can
ÖÖÖÖÖO
reduce the need
for antimicrobials by
applying good health
ÖÖÖÖÖ
and hygiene
practices.
Food and Agriculture
A
F Organization of the
United Nations
Working for#ZeroHunger

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WE NEED
you
TO HANDLE
ANTIMICROBIALS
WITH CARE
WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH
Prctectins animal'. proervins our future

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World Health
& Organization
Laboratories worldwide
are taking action by
tracking the spread of
DRUG-RESISTANCE

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ANTIBIOTICS
World Health
Organization
Always seek the advice
of a qualified health care
professional before taking
ANTIBIOTICS

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World Health
Organization
Antibiotics
DO NOT
treat viral
infections,
like colds
and flu

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Our time with antibiotics is running  out   Since their discovery, antibiotics have served as the cornerstone of modern medicine .

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Antibiotic  resistance is rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world, and    T hreatening  our ability to combat common infectious diseases and support modern medical procedures

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Antib ics
istant
acteria
The Big Fight

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