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Developing Innovative Framework For Automated Container Terminal & Its Positive Impacts

Mr. Kon Wai  Kok Dr.  Rudiah  Md  Hanafiah Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noorul Shaiful  Fitri  Abdul Rahman Prof. Dr.  Saharuddin  Abdul Hamid Mr. Muhamad Amin Hakimi Bin Shukri

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Since the 1990s, there has been a  push towards automation  as global trade surged. In combination with growing ship sizes, this has incited ports to improve their productivity, namely throughput and ship turnaround time, in the range of 30% more than standard terminals.  The container thus becomes the  unit around which physical and information handling systems are built and organized .

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A utomated yard planning  allows for more effective positioning of containers and equipment to increase throughput with the same assets.  Horizontal movement automation involves using  Automated Guided Vehicles  (AGV) such as straddle carriers ( AutoStrad ) or shuttles.  These vehicles bring containers back and forth from  Automated Stacking Cranes  (ASC), which are rail-mounted gantry cranes managing stacks of containers that are usually aligned perpendicular to the pier.

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Automated Ship to Shore Cranes  (ASSC) are automated versions of standard  portainers  that are remotely controlled. Automated Gate System (AGS)  contain optical character recognition and radio frequency identification to quickly  capture data about inbound and outbound containers .

Machinery
cabin
Trolley
Figure 2.3: Component Parts of STS Crane
Source: Nidec, 2016

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Foreland and hinterland automation relates to processes that are not directly linked with terminal automation but can support its benefits  upstream  (foreland) or  downstream  (hinterland) along the transport chain. Terminal operations require equipment such as  portainers , gantry cranes, straddle carriers or reach stackers,  all of which can be automated .

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The  configuration  of the terminal to make it suitable for automation. The automation of the  processes  handling containers. The automation of the  systems controlling  the equipment.

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There is an increased interest in the automation of container terminals to improve  quayside and land productivity .  Terminals facing severe  land availability issues  show a higher willingness to consider automation. Still, automation takes place at different rates depending on the technology involved. The drive towards automation can partially be explained by a  cost/benefit perspective  where the least costly and most beneficial forms of automation will be adopted first.

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Automation usually involves  new terminal developments  since there is an opportunity to automate terminal-wide without disrupting existing operations. The push towards automation appears to be an irrevocable trend, further increasing the  capital intensiveness of container terminals . Still, automation creates an  asynchronism in terminal operations  since it may not be implemented at the same rate in terminals being reconverted.  Several terminal operators show a  reluctance towards automation  and adopt a wait-and-see approach.

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A  fully automated terminal  is when the stacking yard and horizontal transfers between the quay and the yard are automated. This implies that a container is handled automatically from the dockside to the pickup area. Eventually, a term such as a  completely automated terminal  will be required to define a terminal where automation occurs from the  portainer  to the gate (and beyond).

Automated
Qua Crane
Automated Container Yard
Automatic
4
TOS Building
TOS Hardw
Autornatic
Straøe Carrier
0
Truck Loading/Unloading
Figure 2.14: The Structure of Fully Autcnnated Container Yard
Source: Adapted from Kalmar Global, 2019

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THREE MAIN CONTEXT OF TERMINAL AUTOMATION

When an existing terminal facility has a  footprint that is difficult to expand,  automation becomes a strategy to increase throughput, cope with higher operating costs, and remain competitive. When a terminal acts as a  major  transshipment  hub , automation becomes a strategy to increase the  transshipment  throughput. The hub can perform its function more effectively, particularly in light of larger containerships. When a  new terminal facility is developed  with the latest automation technology, automation becomes a strategy to attract customers in a competitive environment while reducing the necessity to train a port terminal workforce.

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POSSITIVE IMPACTS OF AUTOMATED CONTAINER TERMINAL

Automated terminals are  less prone to accidents  with fewer (or no) workers directly present.  Automated equipment also tends to be electrically powered,  reducing local environmental externalities  such as pollution and noise.  Further, terminal automation can be effective in a context where  labor  is expensive or difficult to find and train .

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MAJOR CHALLENGE OF AUTOMATED CONTAINER TERMINAL

How to phase the process with existing operations  during  automating an existing terminal facility.

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Constructs Developed
Based on SLR Findings
Increased
Productivity
Lowered Cost
Environemntany
Sustainable
Performance
Expectancy
Effort
Expectancy
Social
Influence
Adapted UTAUT Variables
Behavioural
Intention
Techn010O'
Use
Source: Developed Based on Systematic Reviewed Literature and adaption of the
UTAUT model by Venkatesh et al. (2016)

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Kon, W.K., Rahman, N.S.F.A.,  Hanafiah , R.M. and Hamid, S.A. (2020) “The global trends of automated container terminal: a systematic literature review”. Maritime Business Review.

The global trends of automated
container terminal: a systematic
literature review
W.K. Kon
Department of Maritime Management, Faculty of Maritime Studies,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Noorul Shaiful Fitri Abdul Rahman
Department of Logistics Management, International Maritime College Oman,
Sohar, Sultanate of Oman, and
Rudiah Md Hanafiah and Saharuddin Abdul Hamid
Department of Maritime Management, Faculty of Maritime Studies,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Automated
container
terminal
18 March
Revised 17 JtmeZÄrÄ)
12 August 20
Acr•el*«17

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Citation in Chapter 3.8 of the book written by Dr. Theo  Nooteboom . Book Title:                                                                      Port Economics, Management and Policy Refer Link:  https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part3/terminal-automation/

Port Economics,
Management and Policy
Theo Notteboom, Atharzsios Palis and
Jean-Pad Ro&igue
Theo Notteboom, Athanasios Pallis and
Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2021) Port
Economics, Management and Policy, New
York: Routledge. Forthcoming.

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Davidson, N., 2018. Retrofit terminal automation measuring the market. Port Technology International, 77, pp. 1-3. Ioannou , P. and H.  Jula  (2008) “Automated container terminal concepts”. Intelligent Freight Transportation, 27. Kon, W.K., Rahman, N.S.F.A.,  Hanafiah , R.M. and Hamid, S.A. (2020) “The global trends of automated container terminal: a systematic literature review”. Maritime Business Review. McKinsey (2017) Expert interviews; McKinsey Container Terminal Automation Survey. Moody’s Investor Service (2019) Automated terminals offer competitive advantages, but implementation challenges may limit penetration, 24 June 2019. Port Technology International (2018) Navis Survey: Terminal Automation ‘Critical’ to Survival. Scott, J., (2012) Trends in marine terminal automation. Port Technology International, 54, pp. 82-85.

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 A utomated yard planning  allows for more effective positioning of containers and equipment to increase throughput with the same assets.  Horizontal movement automation involves using  Automated Guided Vehicles  (AGV) such as straddle carriers ( AutoStrad ) or shuttles.  These vehicles bring containers back and forth from  Automated Stacking Cranes  (ASC), which are rail-mounted gantry cranes managing stacks of containers that are usually aligned perpendicular to the pier.

Developing Innovative Framework For Automated Container Terminal & Its Positive Impacts

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