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Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body’s natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger. Vaccines train your immune system to create antibodies, just as it does when it’s exposed to a disease. However, because vaccines contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at risk of its complications.

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Celebrate
Vaccines
Water
The main ingredient.
Preservatives
and stabilisers
Maintain vaccine quality, safe
storage and prevent contamination.
Example: Sorbitol; naturally found in
fruit in larger amounts.
What's
I'm a
vaccine
in a vaccine?
immunolog$
British for
m,vw.immunology.org
Active ingredient
A very small amount of a harmless
form of the bacteria or virus you are
immunising against.
Adjuvants
Create a stronger immune response
to the vaccine. Pose no significant
risk to health in the very small
quantities used.
Example: Aluminium; naturally found
in drinking water at higher levels.
Residual traces
of substances that have
been used during vaccine manufacture, measured as parts
per million or billion in the final vaccine.
Example: Formaldehyde; naturally found in human body.

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You are given a small
amount of a harmless
form of a disease...
How do vaccines work?
...Then your body
makes
antibodies
to fight it off
Then if you
encounter the
disease again...
...your body already
has the antibodies,
so you don't get
sick.
immune.
You are
#CelebrateVaccines
imnhunolog$
nww.immunology.org

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Diphtheria cases
1910
Pertussis cases
1940
Measles cases
1940
How effective is vaccination?
Introduction of vaccine
1940
Introduction of vaccine
1957
Introduction of vaccine
1965
2015
1968
#CelebrateVaccines
2013
Brit# S%ietyfor
immunolog
nww.immunology.org

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The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the  coronavirus  pandemic, is an ongoing  pandemic   of   coronavirus   disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome  coronavirus  2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020. As of 15 March 2021, more than 119 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 2.65 million deaths attributed to COVID-19, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history .

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WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE Vaccines include:  Sinopharm ,  Sinovac Number of doses required: 2 doses,  intramuscular The whole virus vaccine uses a weakened or deactivated form of the pathogen that causes COVID-19 to trigger protective immunity to it.  The two vaccines mentioned above –  Sinopharm  and  Sinovac  – both use inactivated pathogens, therefore they cannot infect cells and replicate, but can trigger an immune response.

SINOVAC
SARS •Cow 2 Vaccine (Ven Cen
SINOVAC
SINOVAC

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RNA or mRNA VACCINE Vaccines include: Pfizer- BioNTech ,  Moderna Number of doses required: 2 doses,  intramuscular Since no other existing licensed or approved vaccine uses  this type  of technology, the Messenger RNA (mRNA) variety could be mistaken for something completely new to healthcare. However, a number of mRNA vaccines have been studied in the past for illnesses and diseases including cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, rabies, and the  Zika  virus.

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NON-REPLICATING VIRAL VECTOR Vaccines include: Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sputnik V ( Gamaleya  Research Institute) Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular This type of vaccine introduces a safe, modified version of the virus – known as “the vector” – to deliver genetic code for the antigen. In a COVID-19 vaccine, the “vector” is the spike proteins found on the surface of the  coronavirus . Once the body’s cells are “infected”, the cells are instructed to produce a large amount of antigens, which in turn trigger an immune response.

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PROTEIN SUBUNIT Vaccines include:  Novavax Number of doses required: 2 doses,  intramuscular The protein subunit vaccine contains purified “pieces” of a pathogen rather than the whole pathogen to trigger an immune response. It is thought that by restricting the immune system to the whole pathogen, the risk of side effects is  minimised .

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