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B17_IS 4200 - Professional Practice Group assignment 2 of 09th August 2021

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Team Helix 174024A L.M. CHETHIYAWARDHANA -  Leader 174005R M.B.T AHAMED  (Combined  Group   Leader ) 174012K N.N ATAPATTU 174141E M.M. REZVI Team Bits of Erised 174185P P.D.N.T. WIJESINGHE -  Leader 174114B B.R.C. PERERA 174151J N.S. SELLAHEWA  ( Deputy   Leader ) Team Ether 174146A - H. SAMSON -  Leader 174152M - S.M.D.R.N. SENARATNE 174155B - R.M. SHAFI

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Utilitarianism is a moral theory that advocates one must maximize the balance of happiness over suffering.  Utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole when making social, economic, or political decisions.  Three principles that serve as the basic axioms of utilitarianism. Pleasure or happiness is the only thing that truly has intrinsic value. Actions are right if they promote happiness, and wrong if they promote unhappiness. Everyone’s happiness counts equally.

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Utilitarian practice in business uses cost-benefit analysis to do comparisons. Ford Pinto Case Analysis result: It is more profitable to ignore the fuel tank explosions than to fix the issues by considering the societal benefit. Humanitarian approach: "A price cannot be put on a human life." Utilitarian approach: "If a cost-benefit analysis is not employed, the greater good is sacrificed." Thorndike's Experiment In the 1930, Edward Thorndike conducted a survey on young recipients of relief to determine if it is possible to translate all aggregate values into $ terms. Conclusion: Any want/satisfaction which exists, exist in some amount, therefore, is measurable.

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Objections to Utilitarianism Fails to respect individual rights. Not possible to aggregate all values and preferences. -  Using a single measure: assume that all moral considerations can be converted into money. - There's no distinction between higher and lower pleasures.  "The quantity of pleasure being equal pushpin is as good as poetry" - Jeremy Bentham - John Stewart Mill's respond to objections Tried to enlarge the Utilitarianism calculus to modify to accommodate humanitarian concerns.  Not challenging but affirming the Bentham's premise. "The sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is that people actually desire it"

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Higher  Pleasure  vs Lower Pleasure Pleasures of the intellectuals have a much higher value than those of mere sensation.  	Ex : Better to be a human being who is dissatisfies than a pig who is 	satisfied Justice vs Individual Rights Justice grounded of utility is the most scared binding part of all morality while justice that is not grounded on utility should be ignored. According to Mill, justice is a paramount obligation once you consider the long-term interests of human beings.

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Does Value of Life Depend on Age? The US Environmental Protection Agency did a cost benefit analysis to decide how much should be spent to reduce air pollution. The following two factors were considered for this analysis,          1. How many lives would be saved by cleaner air?         2. How much is each life worth? For the second fact above, they valued each person's life at 3.7 million dollars except for those above 70 whose lives were valued at 2.3 million dollars The above valuation done by the Environmental Protection Agency was based on the utilitarian idea The reason given for distinct valuation of lives was that saving an old person's life produces less utility compared to a young life  A young person has more time to live and hence more happiness

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How  Should   Inequalities  be  Governed ? When choosing principles to govern society the members of society must hold a neutral view on their social or economic status. Social status := race, gender ,religion, ethnicity and class Economic status := rich, poor, strong, weak  Ways to Govern Social and Economic Inequalities Increase overall welfare  permit only those inequalities that increase overall welfare of society or total utility  Benefit the lease advantaged permit only those inequalities that benefit the least advantaged members Reward the talent society values permit only those inequalities result when some people work hard and use their talent more successfully

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174185P - Wijesi...
1 - Chethiyawardhana L M.
174185P - Wijesinghe P,D.N.T
174155B -
% 174155B - Shafi RM
174141E -
% 174141E- RezviM.M
N
% 174012K - Atapattu N.N.
174152M- Senar...
% 174152M- Senaratne S.M.D.R.N
174005R-
Ahamed M.B.T
174114B -
174114B - Perera B.R.C.
Aham...
Perer...
174146A -
% 174146A - Samson H.
Sams...
Shafi...
Rezvi...
% 174151]
-Sellahewa N.S.

B17_IS 4200 - Professional Practice Group assignment 2 of 09th August 2021

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