Pollutants Influencing Bird Habitats

Pollutants Influencing Bird Habitats. Dr. S. Beula Agnes Assistant Professor Deaprtment of Zoology.

Habitat. Natural environment for an organism Includes all associated flora, landforms, water sources, climate, weather patterns and other wildlife Includes all four necessities - food, water, shelter, and nesting areas. features can vary greatly between different types of habitats..

Widespread Habitats. Forests Grasslands Deserts Wetlands Tundra Oceans Urban and suburban regions.

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Pollution & Pollutant. Pollution - contamination of environment Pollutant - substance that causes the undesirable change Definition - any undesirable change in the physical, chemical, biological characteristics of any component of the environment which can cause harm to life and property ..

Classification of Pollutant. Source - Natural and anthropogenic Traceablity - Point and Non-point source Origin - Primary pollutant and Secondary pollutant..

Types of Pollution. Pollution Air Soil Nuclear Noise Light Water Thermal.

Air Pollution. Air pollution- pollutants present in concentrations which can cause undesirable effects Even normal constituents in excess Solid particles , liquid droplets , or gases.

Pollutant Emissions Lightning Natural Volcanos -Wildfiresg ForestE Fertilizer Cities Area Livestock Airplanes Mobile Cars, Trucks, Buses, Motorcycles Stationary Industry, Power Plants, Sewage Treatment.

Sources of Air Pollution. Sources Natural Volcanic Eruptions Forest Fires Sea Salt Sprays Biological Decay Pollen Grains Anthropogenic Thermal Power Plants Vehicular Emissions Industrial Units.

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Air Pollutants. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Carbon monoxide (CO) Ozone (O3) Organic pollutants – PAH, VOC.

Movement Of Pollutants - Deposition. Movement Of Pollutants Gaseous Pollutants in Atopyhere Particulata Fionutants in Atmgsph,eré Pollutants in Cloud Water and _prgsipitatiory Wet so, Man-made Sources Natural Sources.

Effects. Air pollution affects Soil Biology Forests Surface water Aquatic animals Environment Human Health Buildings, monuments etc..

Effects on Soil & Forest. Soil: Affects microbiota Alters pH level Degradation of soil minerals, nutrients and metal ions Toxic metal dissolution Forest: Slow the growth of forests Causes chlorosis & necrosis Weakens tree & may lead to death High altitude forests – more susceptible.

Effects on Plants. Agriculture: Affects agricultural production - chlorosis and necrosis of leaves Inhibits CO 2 fixation and photorespiration Adversely affects the productivity of crops. Inhibits seed germination and growth of seedlings Affects enzymatic activities. Causes wilting of plants..

Effects on surface water & Aquatic animal. ↑ acidity of water bodies destroys aquatic life. At pH levels lower than 5, most fish eggs will not hatch Lower pH levels can kill adult fish As lakes become more acidic, biodiversity is reduced..

Effects on human health. Eyes and skin irritation Dissolves some toxic metallic pollutants enhancing their toxic action – Bioaccumulation & biomagnification.

Effect on Environment. Visibility Photochemical Smog Green House Gases - Global Warming Ozone Depletion.

Direct Effect on Birds. Difficulty in seeing during flight Impairs immune system CO poisoning Morphological, physiological and behavioral changes Respiratory infections, low reproduction rate Increases rate of heritable genetic mutation Eventually death.

Pollutant Sources, Transport, Deposition, and Effects Winds J Gas and Particulate Emissions volcanoes lightning a nd other (nitrogen oxides) area sources (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides) fires (organic carbon) (ammonia, Transport I Transformation industry power plants (sulfur dioxide, nitrwen oxides. • mercury) l' urban O epbSiti0h Qadicles) and mobile sources (volatile organic carbon, nitrogen oxides) lakes surface watersJ4 '(ammonia, nitrogen "i os' [ozone and'acid damage viöwwv dim is hedr swe,t alpine , lake fertilizer mobi latile organic carbon, n frogen oxide to soils and forests, leaching of mercu and heavy metals) Oil and aas pro fish and birds I'lnitrogen oxides) mercury an acid exposure, loss of aquatic and other wildlife] partic Legend fires sources (nitrogen oxides) areas [acidification] effects [acid rain, fog/ Deposition (wet and dry) sno Effects alpine subalpine forests ry effects; {nyercurff. Hervous system, , and braimfunctiøn effects].

Water Pollution. Chemicals or dangerous foreign substances are introduced to water Including chemicals, sewage, pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural runoff, or metals like lead or mercury Marine pollution, oil pollution, thermal pollution.

Water Distribution. All water Oceans (97.5%) Fresh water Fresh water (2.5%) Ice caps and glaciers (79%) Surface fresh water Ground- water Surface fresh water (I %) Lakes (52%) Soil moisture Atmospheric water vapor Water within living organisms (1%) Rivers (1%).

Sources of Water Pollution. Sources Natural Volcanic Eruptions Algal bloom Animal waste Silt - floods Anthropogenic Sewage and waste water Agricultural runoff Waste dumping Oil spill etc..

NONPOINT SOURCES POINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot.

Categories of Water Pollution. Surface Water Pollution Oceanic Pollution Ground Water Pollution.

Water Pollutants. Sewage and wastewater Waste dumping Pesticides and fertilizers Heavy metals Oils Plastics Thermal pollutants Atmospheric deposition.

Sewage & Wastewater. Sewage: Household discharge contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities. Organic materials - food and vegetable waste Plant nutrient - chemical soaps, washing powders, etc. likely to contain disease-causing microbes..

Effects of Sewage & Wastewater. Sewage: TSS – turbidity Low light penetration Low productivity High BOD & low DO Diseases.

Effects of Agricultural Run-off. Pesticide: Kills non-target organisms Imbalance in predator – prey population Persistent in environment Bioaccumulation & biomagnification.

Effects of waste dumping. Plastics - 80% of ocean dumpings Microplastics - Mistaken for food Animals - snagged on the plastic slowly killing them over a long period of time. Ghost fishing.

Oil Spills. Causes: Accidental spill Natural seepage Ballast waters Resurfacing of oils – wreched ships.

Thermal Pollution. Causes: Cooling water - increase of 10-15 degree Industrial discharge.

Soil Pollution. Causes Air pollution Water pollution Causes are similar to water pollution.

Noise Pollution. Causes: Transportation - ships Heavy Machinery Construction activities Celebrations and household appliances Loud conversations oil exploration seismic surveys Underwater racket/ noise.

Light Pollution. Causes: Over illumination Glare Irresponsible use.

Nuclear Pollution. Causes: Nuclear power stations Mining and refining of uranium and thorium industrial, medical, military and scientific processes.

Effects on Birds. Direct toxic effect to birds – concentration and exposure duration Toxic effect to prey Shift in food availability Degradation of habitat.

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