Chemical Composition and in vitro Antioxidant Activities of Ocimum americanum

Chemical Composition and in vitro Antioxidant Activities of Ocimum americanum.

Abstract. . Standard methods were used in determination of phytochemicals and (HPLC) with UV visible detector was used in analyses of carotenoids and vitamins. Chemical compounds in ethyl acetate extracts were determined using GC-MS with (NIST)..

Antioxidant activity was determined by (DPPH), phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays. The ethyl acetate extracts contained 69 chemical compounds ranging from phytosterols, terpenes and fatty acid derivatives, among many others..

Medicinal plants are a source of a wide and diverse variety of phytochemicals that are of great medical importance. Ocimum americanum L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae, Contrary to its name it is not native to America, but only to Africa and Asia..

In Africa, leaves of O. americanum are used as an insecticide for the protection against post-harvest insect damage (due to essential oils that have fungicidal activity)..

This study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition, And supports the use of O. americanum in management and treatment of various diseases based on its chemical compositions ..

Collection of plant material: The Leaves and stems were collected from their habitats in Tigania and Kenya..

Preparation and extraction of plant material: 100 g of plant materials was extracted in 1 L of distilled water. 100 g was extracted in 1 L of ethyl acetate and the extracts freeze dried, weighed, and stored in clean air-tight polythene bags ..

Qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical compounds: The phytochemicals present in Ocimum americanum are flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids and tannins, it also contains vitamins and carotenoids such as vitamin B1, B3, retinol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), beta-carotene, lycopene, and β- Cryptoxanthin. It has antioxidant activity ..

The chemical compounds where identified depending on their mass spectra. The vitamins and carotenoids were quantified by reverse-phase high performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fitted with UV/Vis detector; vitamin B1,B3, retinol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid (Vit. C), β- carotene, lycopene, and β- cryptoxanthin..

Antioxidant activity: Antioxidant activity was determined according to the following three methods; 1, 1-dipheny-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Phosphomolybdate and reducing power assay..

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals: The ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts yielded a dark brown and a light brown paste. It contains: Saponins ~114.7 g Tannins ~4.7 g Phenol ~ 1.54 g.

Nutritional composition: They were both conjugated and non- conjugated carotenoids and vitamins A, E, B1, B3 and C. Retinol is the highest in concentrations..

Results. Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extracts: Some chemical compounds were detected from ethyl acetate, it’s range from phytosterols, fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic. ..

The most abundant compound was benzaldehyde, 3-methoxy,(a phenolic) followed by 2,2-dimethyl-3-(3,7,16,20-tetramethylheneicosa-3,7,11,19-pentanyl)-oxirane, (a triterpenoid derivative)and then 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, (a diterpenoid ) as demonstrated by the heights of their chromatographic peaks ..

Of the nine (9) unknown compounds, 9, 61 and 68 were the most abundant. The compound 61 has the highest peak height, an indication that it is the most abundant of all the unknown chemical compounds in O. americanum..

Antioxidant activity: Free radicals scavenging activity by DPPH assay: scavenging activity by DPPH assay: The effect of antioxidant on DPPH is thought to be due to their hydrogen donating ability, so act as free radical scavengers “ 1ry antioxidant..

Total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdate assay: O. Americanum total antioxidant activity was ascorbic acid equivalent. This assay is based on reduction MO (VI) to MO (V) with plants extracts and ascorbic acid..

Reducing power: The reducing power increases with the increase in concentration of Gallic acid and plant extracts and reach the maximum level at the concentration of 400 µg/ mL..

Discussion. Strong antioxidant activities in medicinal plants are due to the presence of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds Antioxidants present in O. americanum are important in neutralizing the reactive oxygen species and help to maintain optimal cellular and systemic health..

Discussion. A diet that is excessively low in fat may negatively affect beta carotene and vitamin E absorption, as well as other fat-soluble nutrient In addition to an antioxidant effect, flavonoid compounds may exert protection against heart disease through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities in platelets and macrophages. The unknown chemical compounds irrespective of their amounts could be important therapeutic.

Conclusion. In conclusion, the many diverse chemical compounds identified and some quantified, the in vitro antioxidant activity of O. americanum , makes it a holistic plant for use in traditional medicine and for aesthetic value among the local communities in Kenya..

References:. Anjoo, K. 2012. Analytical Evaluation of Herbal Drugs. In I. 9.-9.-5.-0.-7. Prof. Omboon Vallisuta (Ed), Drug Discovery Research in Pharmacognosy (p. 244). Mohali, India: InTech. Olayiowola, A. 1984. WHO's traditional medicine programme: progress and perspective. WHO Chronicle, 38(2): 76-81. Bashir, A., Ali, N., Bashir, S., and Choudhary, M. 2009. Biological activities of aerial parts of Tylophora hirsuta Wall. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (18): 4627-4631. Paton A., Harley R.M. and Harley M.M. 1999. Ocimuman overview of relationships and classification. In: Holm Y and Hiltunen R (eds), Basil, the genus Ocimum. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Harwood academic. Amsterdam, Netherland; pp. 1-38. Dubey R.C. 1991. Fungicidal effect of essential oils of three higher plants on sclerotia of Marcrophonia phaseolina. Indian Phytopathology, 44: 241-244..

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