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Tablet Capsule Elixir Enteric-coated Suppository Suspension Transdermal patch

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Pharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacognosy

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•   The study of what the body does to the drug Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion

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•   The study of what the drug does to the body The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues

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Figure 2-2 Phases of Drug Activity.  (From McKenry LM, Salerno E:  Mosby’s pharmacology in nursing—revised and updated,  ed 21, St. Louis, 2003, Mosby.)

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The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases

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The study of natural (plant and animal) drug sources

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The rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration, and the extent to which absorption occurs Bioavailability Bioequivalent

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Administration route of the drug Ability of Medication to Dissolve Food or fluids administered with the drug Body Surface Area Status of the absorptive surface Rate of blood flow to the small intestine Lipid Solubility of Medication Status of GI (gastrointestinal) motility

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A drug’s route of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug Enteral  (GI tract) Parenteral Topical

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Drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa, the small intestine, or rectum Oral Sublingual Buccal Rectal

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First-Pass Effect (  Presystemic  elimination)

The metabolism of a drug and its passage  from the liver into the circulation A drug given via the oral route may be extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic  circulation (high first-pass effect) The same drug—given IV—bypasses the liver, preventing the first-pass effect from taking place, and more drug reaches the circulation

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Intravenous (fastest delivery into the blood circulation) Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Intrathecal Intraarticular

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Skin (including transdermal patches) Eyes Ears Nose Lungs (inhalation) Vagina

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The transport of a drug in the body from the bloodstream to its site of action - Factors affecting distribution: 	Protein-binding 	Water soluble vs. fat soluble 	Blood-brain barrier 	Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, brain 	Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat

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Metabolism (Also Known As Biotransformation)

The biologic transformation of a drug into  an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite 	Liver (main organ) 	Kidneys 	Lungs 	Plasma 	Intestinal mucosa

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Delayed drug metabolism results in: Accumulation of drugs Prolonged action of the drugs Stimulating drug metabolism causes: Diminished pharmacologic effects

Introduction to Pharmacology

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