CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

[Audio] CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT - Anna Dellinger, Yazmin Velazquez Vera.

[Audio] Origins Passive Protest What was the civil rights movement and what constituded it? Non-violent protests used to bring attention to the civil rights movement. Table of contents Militant Activism Overview Aggressive protests used to bring attention to the civil rights movement What did the civil rights movement accomplish?.

[Audio] ORIGINS What was the civil rights movement and what constituted it?.

[Audio] FOR JOBS E FREEDOM What was the civil rights movement? African Americans and other marginalized groups organized campaigns and challenged racial segregation in the Supreme Court (Hewitt and Lawson, 646). Organizations such as the Congress of racial equality (CORE) and the NAACP attacked racial injustice. This begin when African Americans wanted fair opportunities under the law, education, work, and for their families (Hewitt and Lawson, 646-647) These events occurred during the 1950s and 1960s (Morris, 520). The first major event of this movement occurred on May 17, 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education when the Supreme Court overturned desegregated schools (Morris, 520). Marchers in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963).

[Audio] Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington advocated for achieving racial equality through education and self improvement for mostly African Americans in the South (Scott, 208). His philosophy can be found in his speech, “Atlanta Compromise.” In this speech, he emphasized the need for advancements of African Americans so they could gradually earn respect and acceptance of the White population (Washington). Founded by Washington, the Tuskegee Institute was mainly made to teach African Americans industrial and agricultural education (Scott, 209). Washington was characterized by a more gradual approach, rather than a direct one to fix racial injustices (Scott, 209). Booker T. Washington (1903).

[Audio] W.E.B. Du Bois DuBois was born in Massachusetts to a middle-class. His parents were born free, educated, and had never been enslaved (Scott, 212). DuBois wanted to strengthen the tie between people of African descent all over. He believed that Black people should oppose White Southerners (Scott, 212). He believed social change should be campaigned for through protest and more of a hands-on approach. This political philosophy has been called agitation, the book, “The Souls of Black Folk” highlights this philosophy (Du Bois) W.E.B DuBois was a contributor to the Pan-African Conference which was a political movement intended to strengthen all people of African descent (Scott, 212). W.E.B DuBois created the Niagara Movement to combat racism and discrimination (Scott, 213). He was a founding member of the NAACP (Scott, 213). W.E.B Du Bois (1903).

[Audio] WHY SHOULD WE MARCH? 15.000 Negroes Assembled at St. Louis. Misyouri Negroes Assembled at Chicago, Illinois 23.500 Negroes Assembled at New York City Millions of Negro Americans all Over This Great Land Claim the Right to be Free ! FREE FROM WANT! FREE FROM FEAR! FREE FROM JIM CROW! the March On Washington In 1941, A. Philip Randolph announced that he planned to lead an all-black, 100,000-person march on Washington, D.C, in June to protest racial discrimination in government and segregation in the military (Hewitt and Lawson, 592). President Roosevelt came to a compromise with Randolph and the march was called off (Hewitt and Lawson, 592). In return, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, creating the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) (Hewitt and Lawson, 592). Although the FEPC helped African Americans gain jobs, the effect was still limited (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Randolph Why Should We March (1941).

[Audio] PASS' rug LAKE WA National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) continued its policy of fighting racial discrimination in the courts (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). In 1944, they won a significant victory in a case from Texas, Smith v. Allwright, which outlawed all-white Democratic primary elections in the traditionally one-party South (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). As a result, the percentage of African Americans registered to vote in the South doubled between 1944 and 1948 (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Bettmann Civil Rights Marchers (1903).

[Audio] Congress of Racial Equality In 1942, early civil rights activists also founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in Chicago. CORE protested directly against racial injustice in public spaces (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Members organized sit-ins at restaurants and bowling alleys that refused to serve African Americans (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Students at Howard University in Washington D.C., also used these same tactics (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Bettmann James Farmer, Jr. (1964).

[Audio] World War II As jobs opened at military installations and defense plants, hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved from the rural South to the urban South, the North, and the West (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Cites couldn’t provide enough housing to accommodate migrants (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Competition between white and black workers for scarce housing spilled over into tensions in crowded transportation and recreational facilities (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). In 1943, the stress caused by close wartime contact between the races exploded into over 240 riots (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). The most serious riot occurred in Detroit, 1943, where federal troops had to restore order after black and white people fought with each other following an altercation at a popular amusement park that killed 34 people (Hewitt and Lawson, 593). Firefighters attempt to extinguish a car set on fire during Race Riot (1943).

[Audio] Passive Non-violent protests used to bring attention to the civil rights movement..

[Audio] What was passive protest? Passive protest during the civil rights movement referred to nonviolent, peaceful forms of resistance and demonstration. Such forms of peaceful protests involved sit-ins, boycotts, and peaceful marches. Examples of these peaceful protests involved the Greensboro sit-in, the Montgomery bus boycott, and the March on Washington. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr is often used to symbolize this type of protest..

[Audio] Montgomery Bus Boycott The Brown decision encouraged African Americans to protest against other forms of racial discrimination (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). In 1955 in Montgomery Alabama, the Women’s Political Council, a group of middle class and professional Black women, petitioned the city commission to improve bus service for Black passengers (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). Among other things, they didn’t want Black passengers to have to give up their seats (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). This movement became when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on December 5, 1955 (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). After more than a year of conflict, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the complete desegregation of Montgomery’s buses (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). Alexandra Bus Boycott (1957).

[Audio] Rosa Parks The Women’s Political Council’s requests went uncared for until December 5, 1955, when Rosa Parks, a Black seamstress and an NAACP activist refused to give up her seat to a white men (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). Parks’ arrest rallied civic, labor, and religious groups and sparked a bus boycott that evolved nearly the entire Black community (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). Instead of riding buses, Black people walked to work or joined carpools (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). Rosa Parks was a huge influence of the civil rights movement, with many believing her refusal to give up her seat as the start of the movement (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). A booking photo of Rosa Parks (1956).

[Audio] Martin Luther King Jr. Out of the Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. Emerged as the civil rights movement’s most charismatic leader (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). He drew his inspiration and commitment to his principles from the Black church and leaders such as A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). The Montgomery bus boycott movement made King a national civil rights leader, but it didn’t guarantee him further success (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). In 1957, King and a like-minded group of Southern Black ministers formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to spread nonviolent protests throughout the region (Hewitt and Lawson, 648). At the outset of the Montgomery bus boycott movement, King noted proudly… DeMarsico, D. (1964). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his Nobel Peace Prize Speech..

[Audio] “When the history books are written in future gernations, the historians will have to pause and say ‘There lived a great people — a Black people — who injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization.’” Wasser, J. (1963). Martin Luther King Jr. Delivering his “I Have a Dream” Speech. — Martin Luther King Jr, 1964.

[Audio] 3 Ide V The Sit-Ins With boycotts fading and White violence rising, African Americans, especially highschool and college students developed new techniques to confront discrimination (Hewitt and Lawson, 650). Protestors would seat themselves in White-only spots and refuse to move until their demands were met or they were forcibly evicted (Hewitt and Lawson, 650). These mass protests really gained momentum in February 1960, when four students at historically Black North Carolina A&T University in Greensboro initiated sit-ins at the Whites-only lunch counters in Woolworth and Kress department stores (Hewitt and Lawson, 650). This demonstration sparked similar efforts throughout the Southeast (Hewitt and Lawson, 650). Bettmann. Greensboro Sit-Ins (1960).

[Audio] iii Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) A few months after the sit-ins began, participants formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (Hewitt and Lawson, 650). The organization’s young members sought to challenge racial segregation in the South and to create interracial communities (Hewitt and Lawson, 650). These young activists including the Alabamian teenager and future congressman John Lewis, gained hope seeing the Southern segregationist resistance (Hewitt and Lawson, 650). Alexandra Bus Boycott (1957).

[Audio] Militant Aggressive protests used to bring attention to the civil rights movement..

[Audio] What was Militant Activism? Militant activism during the civil rights movement was a more confrontational and assertive approach to fighting against racial injustice. It often involved using more aggressive tactics such as civil disobedience, confrontations with authorities, and sometimes advocating for self-defense. Prominent figures like Malcolm X and groups like the Black Panthers represented elements of militant activism. This approach contrasted with the nonviolent methods of Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers..

[Audio] Malcolm X After 1964, the SNCC and CORE began exploring new ways of seeking freedom through strategies of Black self-determination and self defense. They were inspired by Malcolm X (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Born Malcolm Little, he had engaged in a life of crime which landed him in prison (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Minister Malcolm helped convert thousands of disciples in Black neighborhoods by denouncing White people and encouraging Back people to embrace their African heritage (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Favoring self-defense over non-violence, he criticized civil rights leaders for failing to protect their communities (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Even though Malcolm X was murdered in 1965, Black militants, echoing his ideas, challenged racial injustice (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Ford. (1964). Malcolm X.

[Audio] Stokely Carmichael Instead of welcoming White people into their organizations, Black radicals believed that African Americans had to assert dominance from White America (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Stokely Carmichael, SNCC’s chairman, proclaimed “Black power” as the central goal of the freedom struggle and linked the cause of African American’s freedom to revolutionary conflicts in Cuba, Africa, and Vietnam (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). He wanted Black people to come together and build a sense of community (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Stokely Carmichael had gained experience working in Southern Black communities during the Civil War (Hewitt and Lawson, 669). Bettmann Stokely Carmichael speaking to reporters (1966).

[Audio] Black Panther Party In 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, college students in Oakland California, formed the Black Panther Party (Hewitt and Lawson, 670). The Panthers aimed to improve their neighborhoods. They established daycare centers and health facilities, often ran by women (Hewitt and Lawson, 670). Much of this good work was overshadowed by violent confrontations with the police which led to the deaths of Panthers and shootouts of key party officials. By the early 1970s, government crackdowns on the Black Panthers had destabilized the organization and reduced its influence (Hewitt and Lawson, 670). Fenton Black Panther Party (1969).

[Audio] Overview What did the civil rights movement accomplish?.

[Audio] With the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the civil rights movement helped end legal segregation. The movement worked to ensure that African Americans and other marginalized groups had equal access to the voting process. Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 led to the desegregation of public schools. The Montgomery Bus Boycott led the way to desegregating public transport. It sparked a shift in public opinion and a commitment to achieving racial equality, leading to behavioral changes towards race. The civil rights movement set an example for other marginalized groups advocating for equality. What did the civil rights movement accomplish?.

[Audio] Citations: Images A booking photo of Rosa Parks . 22 Feb. 1956. Montgomery Alabama, Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office. Alexandra Bus Boycott. 7 Jan. 1957. Alexandra, South Africa. Bettmann. Civil Rights Marchers . 27 Mar. 1964. Florida. Bettmann. Greensboro Sit-Ins . 1960. Greensboro, North Carolina. Bettmann. James Farmer, Jr. 11 June 1964. New York. Bettmann. Stokely Carmichael speaking to reporters . May 1966. Mississippi. Booker T. Washington. 1903. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. DeMarsico, Dick. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his Nobel Peace Prize Speech. 10 Dec. 1964. New York. Fenton, David. Black Panther Party. 11 Apr. 1969. New York City Courthouse. Firefighters attempt to extinguish a car set on fire during Race Riot. 1943. Woodward Avenue at Charlotte Street, Detroit, Michigan..

[Audio] Ford, Ed. Malcolm X. Mar. 1964. Marchers in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . 28 Aug. 1963. Washington, D.C. Randolph, A Philip. Why Should We March. 1941. W.E.B Du Bois. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Wasser, Jullian. Martin Luther King Jr. Delivering his “I Have a Dream” Speech. 28 Aug. 1963. Washington, D.C. Wasser, Jullian. Martin Luther King Jr. Delivering his “I Have a Dream” Speech. 28 Aug. 1963. Washington, D.C..

[Audio] Citations: Primary Washington, Booker T. Atlanta Compromise Speech. Gleeditions, 09 November 2023, www.gleeditions.com/atlantacompromisespeech/students/pages.asp?pg=7&lid=416. Originally published in The Booker T. Washington Papers, Vol. 3, edited by Louis R. Harlan, U of Illinois Press, 1974, pp. 583-87..