matter

[Audio] Good morning everyone! It's great to see all of you here today. This presentation looks at some of the physical and chemical properties of matter. We will explore what happens when different elements interact with each other and how these reactions can create changes in the environment. Let's start by looking at some of the basics about physical and chemical reactions..

[Audio] Properties of matter refer to both physical and chemical qualities that characterize a substance. Physical properties are the characteristics that remain unaffected by the amount of the substance, like color, melting point, boiling point, and density. Chemical properties are determined by the reaction of a substance when it comes into contact with other substances, like air, water, acids, and bases. For example, two elements can undergo a chemical reaction resulting in a flame and a revised chemical composition. Additionally, there are physical properties that depend on the quantity of the substance, like mass, volume, length, and shape. All these properties are necessary to comprehend the behavior of matter..

[Audio] Matter is composed of small particles called atoms and is represented as something that occupies space. We can observe the physical properties of a substance by looking at how it interacts with other elements, its characteristics and its behaviour in certain conditions. These properties are measurable and include density, color, mass, volume, length, malleability, melting point, hardness, odor, temperature and more. Examples of physical properties include length, elasticity, color, density, volume, mass and temperature. Through these, we can differentiate between different materials and identify substances..

[Audio] Matter can take various forms and its characteristics can be divided into two main groups - intensive and extensive. Intensive properties, such as temperature, concentration, boiling point and luster, are not based on the amount of matter present. This means that regardless of the amount of water used, its boiling point will remain the same. Conversely, extensive properties, such as weight, volume, length and entropy, depend on the amount of matter present - the larger the sample, the heavier it will be. This is why density, a measure of the mass per unit of volume, is an intensive property. Similarly, colour is also an intensive property – it does not depend on the size of the sample. For further details, please visit sciencenotes.org..

[Audio] Today, we are looking at intensive and extensive properties of matter. An intensive property is a local physical property that is independent of the system’s size or volume of material. Intensive properties are those that are independent of the amount of matter present. Pressure and temperature are examples of intensive properties. Extensive properties, on the other hand, are dependent on the amount of matter present. Examples of extensive properties include mass and volume. As the amount of matter changes in a system, the associated extensive property changes accordingly. As we will see in further slides, understanding the differences between intensive and extensive properties can be useful when studying the physical and chemical properties of matter..

Chemical Properties of Matter. changes cherx•ical i dity F I a a b i I ity Reactivity To x i c it y.

[Audio] We will talk about reactivity, flammability, toxicity and acidity. Reactivity is the tendency of matter to combine chemically with other substances. Potassium is an example of a chemical that is highly reactive, even when exposed to small amounts of water. Flammability is the capacity of something to burn, releasing different substances when it comes into contact with oxygen. Wood is an example of a flammable material. Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical element or combination of elements can harm an organism, some chemicals being dangerous even when present in small amounts. Finally, a substance's acidity is determined by its capacity to react with an acid, metals forming compounds when they interact with different types of acids, which are neutralized when they come into contact with a base, like water. Any questions?.

[Audio] In this slide, we can see a classification of the 4 states of matter. On the top left corner we can see the solid state; in this state, the molecules are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. On the top right corner, we can see the liquid state; this state is characterized by nearly incompressible fluid, which means that it conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. On the bottom left corner, we can see the gas state; in this state, the particles are far apart, fast-moving and not organized in any particular way. On the bottom right corner, we can see the plasma state; in this state, the particles are ionized, charged, and free to move around. We can also see the different processes that can lead to a change of state: melting, solidification, vaporization, and ionization..

[Audio] Plasma is a type of matter distinct from solids, liquids, and gases, that is created when atoms of gas become ionized. Positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers constitute plasma. Electric and magnetic forces exert a major influence on plasma behavior, resulting in collective behavior not seen with other states of matter. Dust particles can become charged, resulting in a form of plasma known as a dusty plasma..

[Audio] "Dark energy and dark matter are both mysterious components of the universe that have yet to be fully understood. Combined, they make up approximately 68% of all matter in the universe, while ordinary matter, composed of atoms, makes up the other 32%. It is clear that we still have a lot to learn about these components and their unique properties which make them so hard to detect and measure..

[Audio] Dark matter is an elusive and mysterious component of the universe. It cannot be seen, it cannot be felt, yet it makes up nearly a third of the universe! Dark matter is a form of matter that, for reasons still unknown to us, does not interact with light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Its presence is only revealed by the gravitational forces it exerts on stars and galaxies. Dark matter is made up of particles that are likely to be different from the ones that make up the matter we know, such as protons and neutrons. Understanding what dark matter is made of is one of the biggest mysteries of modern cosmology, and it is likely to remain one of the greatest puzzles of our times..

[Audio] Antimatter particles have the same charge as matter particles, but of opposite sign. When matter and antimatter particles collide, they annihilate each other, resulting in the release of energy in the form of gamma rays. This annihilation process is a major source of energy in various astrophysical situations, such as the cores of stars. Furthermore, when combined with matter, antimatter particles are able to create powerful explosions, such as those seen in nuclear weapons..