Scene 1

S.M.K BUKIT JELUTONG
SHAH ALAM
2003
PROAKTF DAN

PROJECT BASED LEARNING A CASE STUDY ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MALAYSIA

NAME : NOOR YASMIN HANI BINTI MOHAMAD ASROLL CLASS : 2 BETA TEACHER’S NAME : PN. FAJARIAH HUSNA BINTI IBRAHIM

Scene 2

Learning Area : 4.0 Human Health Learning Standard : 4.1 Infectious and Non-infectious diseases

Scene 3

Understanding infectious diseases in terms of the following : Types of diseases and causes Ways of transmission and preventions Statistics and current status in Malaysia

When it’s hot outside (which is most times of the year) Malaysians often hear about the increasing number of dengue cases. Another common sight is the mosquito fogging operation and  public  announcements from the Health Ministry about the do’s and  don'ts of protecting against dengue. We try to be vigilant, hoping that the fogging would keep us safe. But dengue is just one of the many diseases that continue to plague Malaysians.     Carry out a case study on common infectious diseases in Malaysia.

Scene 4

Scene 5

I would like to thank my science teacher, Pn. Fajariah Husna, for giving me the information needed to produce this presentation. I am really grateful for completing this assignment within the time given. I also thank my classmates and parents for helping me find information to add into this presentation. Thank  you all for guiding me until the end.

Scene 6

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms - such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Some infectious can be passed from person to person.

Scene 7

MOST COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MALAYSIA

Scene 8

Dengue virus E.coli infection HIV/AIDS COVID-19 ( symptoms, causes, transmission, vectors and pathogens, treatment, ways to avoid )

Scene 9

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection, found in tropical and  sub-tropical climates worldwide. The virus responsible for   causing dengue, is called dengue virus (DENV).

Scene 10

Abdominal pain or tenderness.  Persistent vomiting. Clinical fluid accumulation. Mucosal bleed

THE AEDES MOSQUITO IS THE MAIN VECTOR FOR DENGUE :

These mosquitoes spread the virus by reproducing.

These mosquitoes lay eggs near standing               water in containers, like buckets, bowls,                 animal  dishes, flower pots and vases.

These mosquitoes prefer  to  bite people, and both live indoors and outdoors.

Mosquitoes that spread dengue,          Chikungunya, and Zika bite during the day           and night.

Mosquitoes become infected when they bite a person infected with  the  virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other  people  through bites.

Scene 11

There is no specific treatment for dengue. Fever reducers and pain killers can be taken to control the symptoms of muscle aches, pains and fever. Acetaminophen or paracetamol are the best options to treat these symptoms.  Dumping out standing water near homes are the best way to prevent the reproduction of mosquitoes. Use mosquito repellent and wear light-coloured clothing when outdoors.

Scene 12

Escherichia coli, also known as E.coli, is a rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm blooded organisms.

Scene 13

Severe stomach cramps Diarrhea (often bloody)  Vomiting Small chance of fever (less than 101 degrees fahrenheit/ 38.5 degrees  celsius )

Diarrhea may be caused by bacteria
or parasites fourxi in food and water
Bacteria
*AliAM

Scene 14

Contaminated water or food - especially raw vegetables and undercooked ground beef.  Unclean cooking utensils, pans and serving platters. Raw foods exposed to the outside Unclean cooking area

When culinary items are contaminated with e.coli, the bacteria can enter the body and start reproducing.

Scene 15

Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables Avoiding cross-contamination by using clean utensils, pans and serving platters. Keeping raw meats away from other foods and away from other clean items Defrosting meats in a microwave or refrigera

Antibiotics, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, or a fluoroquinolone.

Scene 16

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight infection and disease.

As of December 2018, Malaysia has a total of 115,263 HIV cases reported.

Scene 17

Rapid weight loss Recurring fever or profuse night sweats Extreme and unexplained tiredness Prolonged swelling of lymph glands Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals Pneumonia

Swollen Lymph Nodes
Swollen lymph node
Excess lymph fluid
Cleveland
Clinic
'201B

Scene 18

Needle and syringe sharing Intercourse with an infected partner (semen or vaginal secretions that may contain HIV will enter the body) Blood transfusions Through blood caused by injuries

Scene 19

Avoid sharing needles and drug use in general Use condoms during intercourse Avoid risky sexual behaviors Get tested for HIV

The main treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy, a combination of daily medications that stop the virus from reproducing. This helps protect CD4 cells, keeping the immune system strong enough to take measures against diseases.

Antiretroviral therapy does not cure HIV, but it makes it a manageable chronic condition. This treatment also reduces the risk of spreading the virus.

Litniwine rd
30
omivudine and Tenofovir
:scproril Fumarate Tabkts
mg
Linezolid Tablets
.cELLTRøs

Scene 20

STATISTICS OF HIV/AIDS SINCE 2000-PRESENT (PREDICTION INCLUDED)

0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
National
—09-Johor
—01-Perlis
— 10-Paha ng
—07-NS
11 -Terengganu
--08-Melaka
12-Kelantan
Figure 12: Incidence per 1000 population for category 2, 2000-2030

Scene 21

COVID -19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’  or ‘2019-nCoV’.

COVID-19 mainly attacks the lungs as it is a respiratory infectious disease. The first case of COVID-19 was detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China.

Scene 22

Most common : fever, dry cough, tired ness Less common : aches and pains, sore throat, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis,  headache, loss of taste or smell, rash or discolouration of skin serious symptoms : shortness of breath, difficulty of breathing, chest pain or pressure,  loss of speech or movement.

Scene 23

This virus is spread by close contact with another individual, typically within 1 metre. Infection is caused by water droplets produced by an  infected person when sneezing or coughing. The water droplets containing the virus usually enter the body through the eyes, nose or mouth.  The virus can be easily spread in big gatherings without social distancing.

COVID-19 mainly infects senior citizens because of their weak immune system.

Scene 24

There is currently no cure for COVID-19, however most companies from many countries have produced vaccines that is safe for adults. The best way to prevent from being infected is to wash your hands often and wear a mask when outdoors.  Keep a distance between each other in at least 1 metre/6 feet Seek medical attention when you experience fevers and dry coughs It is highly recommended to stay at home and avoid going outside where the virus is likely to affect you.

Scene 25

PREDICTION OF DISEASE PROGRESSION BASED ON STATISTICAL GRAPHS FROM MOH MALAYSIA

Scene 26

BASED ON STATISTICAL GRAPHS SHOWN IN 01 :

We can tell that cases in 2020 have greatly decreased compared to 2019. This is because citizens have been educated and alarmed about this virus. Now, abandoned areas with standing water have been cleaned and there is less places for aedes mosquitoes to reproduce, causing less cases to be recorded.

Scene 27

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1999
2000
0 2001
School
Canteen
12.43
19.88
31.4
Hostel
36.14
41.61
26.7
Horrr
8.11
8.7
15.3
Public
P rerises
13.01
9.32
3.6
Higher
Institution
17.3
14.9
12.8
Public
Events
13.01
4.97
4.45
Others
0.62
5.75

E.coli cases have decreased as time progresses due to better hygiene precautions in public areas. When hygiene is taken seriously in culinary, E.coli is hardly found in foods nowadays. This leads to very less cases as of today.

Scene 28

HIV cases in the states given in the graph are predicted by MOH to rise constantly as time progresses.

Scene 29

On 14th May 2021, MOH predicted that 8,000 cases would be recorded daily by JUne if the standard operational procedure is not followed by the people. However on 29th May, 9020 cases have been recorded. This has exceeded MOH’s prediction and serious action needs to be taken before the situation gets worse as time progresses.

Scene 30

SUGGESTIONS TO SOLVE INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MALAYSIA

Scene 31

Practice good hygiene : clean out standing water near houses, use mosquito repellent to prevent from being bitten by mosquitoes Spread awareness about dengue using social media platforms to educate others. Immediately seek medical attention when experiencing symptoms

Spread awareness about e.coli Urge public premises and canteens to practice good hygiene when serving food Immediately seek medical attention when experiencing symptoms

Scene 32

Educate others about HIV/AIDS Start awareness campaigns on HIV/AIDS Seek immediate medical attention when experiencing symptoms

Teach children to practice good  hygiene  and social distancing Urge the  people to stay home when conditions get worse Get vaccinated Meet with people using online meeting programs instead of meeting in person to prevent the risk of infection

Scene 33

Scene 34

I conclude that infectious diseases must be taken seriously especially in Malaysia. The 4 infectious diseases that i have presented have some similar ways on how to prevent the diseases. Some infectious diseases can badly affect the body and can potentially kill. We must take action against these diseases and educate ourselves about infectious diseases so we can be cautious and find ways to prevent ourselves from getting infected. To add up, COVID-19 (the current pandemic)  has been stealing countless lives around the world. We need to prevent this from continuing and spreading around Malaysia. I appreciate MOH’s hard work on keeping this situation under control and i applaud the frontliners for sacrificing their time for our infected people.  To end the conclusion, infectious diseases can be avoided with the cooperation of people with the goal to avoid more infections.

Scene 35

Scene 36

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue#:~:text=Dengue%20is%20a%20mosquito%2Dborne,to%20be%20infected%20four%20times .  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078   https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/media/avoid-dengue.html   https://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/1458

Scene 37

https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/ecoli-symptoms.html#:~:text=Symptoms%20of%20Shiga%20toxin%2Dproducing,F%2F38.5%CB%9AC   https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/index.html   https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/symptoms-causes/syc-20372058   https://www.healthline.com/health/e-coli-infection   https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/ecoli-prevention.html

Scene 38

https://medlineplus.gov/hivaidsmedicines.html   https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html#:~:text=What%20is%20HIV%3F-,HIV%20(human%20immunodeficiency%20virus)%20is%20a%20virus%20that%20attacks%20the,they%20have%20it%20for%20life .  https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw151408   https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/Laporan/Umum/National_Subnational_Estimations_Projections_Of_HIV_Epidemic,_Malaysia_2019.pdf

Scene 39

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19   http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/

Scene 40

Do you have any questions? m-8872401@moe-dl.edu.my 010-207 5098