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a group of words consisting of a participle  and the modifier and/or nouns,  pronouns or noun phrases

function as the direct objects,  indirect objects,  or complements of the action  and state expressed in the participle .

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Look at the panther  climbing  the tree.

Sebastian reached across for the pipe,  signalling  his agreement with the chief's proposal.

Cracked  from top to bottom,  the mirror was now ruined.

Peering  over the top of his glasses,  her tutor shook his head.

Note:  In each of these examples, the participle phrase is underlined and the participle is in bold

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are not essential to the meaning of the sentence

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De fines the meaning of a noun or noun phrase and provides necessary information about the noun in the sentence

Do not  need commas   to separate them from the complete sentence.

more common in writing than nonrestrictive clauses.

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The student  who sits in the back of the room  asks a lot of questions.

The results  that I obtained  may invoke positive social change.

The journalist  whose story I read yesterday  has won prizes for her work .

The article  I requested  did not arrive on time

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adds additional information to a sentence.

usually a proper noun or a common noun that refers to a unique person, thing, or event.

It  uses commas  to show that the information is additional.

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I want to thank my father ,  Mark Smith,  for all of his love and support .

The hypothesis ,  which I tested throughout the research,  was rejected.

I have found the article ,  which I have been looking for

: Minneapolis ,  which has a population of about 400,000,   is the largest city in Minnesota.

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In general, “that” is used for restrictive clauses and “which” is used for nonrestrictive.

Example:  The lamp, which was given to me by Aunt Betsy, is on the bedside table. The lamp that Aunt Betsy gave me is on the bedside table.

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I want to buy the jacket Sarah left to find the one

Jessica left for the public library, The student went to the store,

Complete the sentences using Restrictive clauses .

Complete the sentences using  NonRestrictive  clauses .

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BSED-ENGLISH 2-B Submitted to :  Mr.Morata,Emmanuel  G.

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Beason , Larry, and Mark Lester.  A Commonsense Guide to Grammar and Usage . Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006. Print. Wyatt, C.S. “Clauses and Phrases”.  Tameri  Guide for Writers. Ed. S.D.  Schnelbach . 12 September 2009. 27 April 2010.

Credits To: SLIDESGO,FREEPIK AND FLATICON.