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THE WESTERN ART HISTORY. LESSON 13.

ART IN PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION. The term “prehistoric ” relates to the time before written history. Specifically, the writing developed in ancient Mesopotamia before 3000 B.C.E., so this period includes visual culture (paintings, sculpture, and architecture) made before that date ( Zucker , 2015). The oldest recognized decorative art forms come from Africa date back to 100,000 BC.E..

El Castillo Cave (Cave of the Castle). The oldest European cave art is the El Castillo Cave (Cave of the Castle) in Spain. This cave was discovered in 1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Río, a Spanish archaeologist. Some Archaeologists argue that artwork inside this cave are probably a creation of Homo neanderthalensis . Hand stencils, claviforms (club shapes) and disks made by blowing paint onto the wall in El Castillo cave found that date back at least 40,800 years, making them older than those of the Chauvet Cave in central France, which dated to around 39,000 years ( Kwong , 2012).Other old cave painting sites in France include Lascaux, Grotte de Cussac , Pech Merle, Cave of Niaux , and Font-de- Gaume ..

Stone Tools for Art Making. Stone Tools for Art Making Stone is formed based on the composition of minerals on it. It classified as Mineral growth, Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Volcanic. Sedimentary rocks shaped through the deposition and compression of particulate matter. On the other hand, Metamorphic rocks changed from the result of extreme temperature and pressure. Volcanic rocks are from molten igneous magma ( Prindle , 1994). The tools made of stone were the instruments by which early man developed and progressed All human culture founded on the ingenuity and brainpower of our early ancestors in creating sophisticated tools that enable them to survive. The first stone tools (eoliths- which are now believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as glaciation) and other types of organic materials (wood, bone, ivory, and antler) were about two million years ago..

PEBBLE TOOLS. Man produced four types of tools in creating an art namely: pebble tools (with a single sharpened edge for cutting or chopping): Bifacial tools (hand axes); Flake tools; and Blade tools..

FLAKE TOOLS. Flake tools . These are hand tools used during Stone Age. They are usually formed by crushing off a small or large fragment then used as the tool. Both cores and flakes could be as stone tools. New flakes were very sharp, but quickly became blunt during use and had to be sharpened again by further flaking, a process called “retouch.”.

MEDIEVIAL ARTS IN EUROPE. The primitive art of the Western world covers an extensive range of time and place over 1000 years. Specifically, Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic culture of the Roman Empire and the iconographic practices in the church of the early Christian ( Oliquiano , 2012). These sources were mixed with the influential "barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe to make an extraordinary creative legacy. Medieval art portrayed in Pietistic painting (religious art) displayed in a Ceramics, fresco and mosaic paintings, Goldsmith and Silversmith, Stained Glass, illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, Tapestry, and Heraldry in churches..

Metalwork - Metalworkers were very skilled in creating religious objects for church decorations. Experts in Bronze art produced beautiful jewels, sculptures, and even church doors..

Paintings -Artists who were skillful in Iconography uses Fresco and panel painting with the religious theme during the medieval period. Fresco is performed mostly on wall covers or ceilings. Likewise, Panels is a painting which showed on several pieces of wood that joined together. It is also for the Icons of Byzantine art..

Stained Glass -It is usually applied exclusively to the windows of medieval churches, castles, and cathedrals. It creates the primary form of art where small pieces of glass are arranged to form pictures or patterns which are held together by strips of lead and supported by a hard frame..

Heraldry - It is the manner of designing coats of arms and insignia. Specimens of coats of arms were worked using embroidery, paper, painted wood, stonework and stained glass..

FAMOUS ARTISTS IN WESTERN EUROPE. The great artists introduced the advancement of arts during the middle periods. During this era, artists split away from the influences of the Byzantium art style and developed into the Gothic visual art. The Medieval painters and sculptors were founders of the movement towards greater realism which culminated in the Renaissance art style. Most famous artists during medieval period were Donatello, Giotto, Leon Battista Alberti , Cimabue, Filippo Brunelleschi, Fra Angelico and Lorenzo Ghiberti..

2. Giotto di Bondone . He was born about 1266 in Vespignano village, Florence. He was the son of Giorgio Vasari, a small landed farmer. He worked with others artists for the Cathedral of San Francesco in Assisi and began painting a fresco cycle there with scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In 1300, he was invited by Pope Benedict XI in Rome to paint a mosaic over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica. He died on January 8, 1337, in Florence.

4. Giovanni Cimabue - He was born in Florence in 1240. He devoted all his time wrapping his paper and his books with photographs of horses, houses, people, and other various things he dreamt up. He made mosaics .as well as paintings, which include the frescoes of New Testament scenes in the upper church of St. Francis of Assisi. He died in 1302.

6. Fra Angelico (also known as Beato Angelico, which means "Blessed Angelic One”) - He was born in 1395 in Florence, Italy. As a Painter, his most famous works of art include the Annunciation, The Madonna and Saints and the Transfiguration of Christ painting.

MOST COMMON PAINTINGS IN CLASSICAL GREEK. During the classical era, most paintings were discovered in panels, tomb, and vases. It portrays natural symbols with dynamic masterpieces about battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenes. It also discloses a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist illustration (Rayos, 2018). Familiar paintings in classical Greek are as follows:.

3. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a small, broad foot).

b. Panel Painting Panel Painting was especially famous for making beautiful altarpieces. This type of paintings executed on flat panels of wood or metals which can be either a small, single piece or several boards that are together. The earliest known old panel painting is the Pitsa Panel (dated between 540 and 530 B.C.E.).

LESSON 14. THE FILIPINO ART AND CRAFT.

Like in any other country, art influenced the life of the Filipinos and the things that surround them. The Philippine arts reflect a Filipino society with diverse cultural influences and traditions of the Malayan peoples such as the Chinese and Indians. Islamic traditions were introduced to the Philippine Islands in the 14th century ..

PRE-COLONIAL ART FORMS IN THE ARCHIPELAGO. The arts in the Philippine archipelago had its past and continued to develop by numerous modern artists. With their different context regarding history, style, cultural symbols, and meanings, these artworks are portrayed (Estrella, 2017).The following are some known art forms in the Philippines:.

Cañao .. It is a ritual-dance performed during native feasts or celebrations in the highlands of the Cordilleras in the Luzon area of the Philippines. It is a symbol of triumph or expectation for abundant crops..

Kadal Iwas .. It is a dance performed by the T- boli and Tausug tribes respectively which mimic a mealtime of monkeys in removing nits and lice from each other..

Man-manok. It is a dance performed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. This type of dance mimics fowls wherein a tribal blankets that represent the colorful plumage of wild cocks are shown off by the warriors who intend on winning the attention of the maiden hen..

Ngilin. . It is a cultural dance performed among the Kalinga tribe during Marriage rituals and other celebrations like the budong (peace pact). This type of dance is played to simulate the romantic or peaceful interactions of a rooster and a hen..

Sampak. It is a war dance performed by the Mandaya tribe. This type of dance requires excellent skill in the handling of a shield, spear, and a sword..

Famous Indigenous Musical Instruments in the Philippines.

Chordophones . It refers to any musical instrument which makes sound by way of trembling strings stretched between two points..

Idiophone . It refers to any musical instrument which produced sound primarily by way of the instrument's vibrating, without the use of strings or membranes..

Membranophone. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound by way of a vibrating stretched membrane . Most membranophones are drums..

Importance of Philippine Artistic Handicrafts. The Philippines is abundant in natural resources that scattered throughout its islands. Filipino artist used the parts of trees, plants, and other natural resources as the raw materials and turned them into simple, yet useful tools or instruments. This type of work is called Artistic Handicrafts (sometimes called artisanry ). Although this type of art changes from time to time it is still imperative to continue and is preserve due to the following reasons:.

Common Handicraft Materials. Every Filipino family owns handicraft products like baskets, brooms, feather dusters, and other furniture. Likewise, accessories like earrings, bracelets, necklaces, and other clothing apparel made from native products such as beads, shells, and seeds. These are clear indications that our handicraft industry is enjoying the patronage of Filipinos..

4. Caragumoy (Pandanus Simplex). i iVAi,. 5 . Coconut ( CocosNucifera ).

Traditional Handiwork in the Philippines. The following are some handicrafts in the different regions of the Philippines:.

THANK YOU. JOHN CARLO MANGANGO IRENE JAMELA LAYRON.