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Drug awareness. Lecture 8 Dr. Hoda Fathy. Drug of abuse and poison treatment center.

WHO GUIDELINES ON POISON CONTROL. It is essential for centres to have data on local commercial products, including pharmaceuticals, as well as on natural toxins produced by local poisonous plants and poisonous and venomous animals. Centres may be expected to identify tablets, capsules, plants, fungi, and insects and other animals..

A poison information centre should have its own library, which could be associated with a university or medical library..

Staff. The medical toxicologist The poison information specialist Veterinary expertise The work of the centre may eventually call for the services of a number of full-time or part-time experts in particular fields such as psychiatry..

Cannabis Indian Hemp. It is the flowering and fruiting tops of the cultivated female plant of cannabis sativa var. indica family cannabinaceae..

Charas or churrus or Hashish (Arabic): is the crude resin . This is obtained by rubbing the tops between the hands, beating them on cloths or carpets, or by natives who wear leather aprons walking among the growing plants. The resin is scraped off..

Bhang (Hindustani): consists of the larger leaves and twigs of both male and female plants. It is used in India for smoking, either with or without tobacco and drugs such as opium or datura..

Intoxication. Dizziness, tachycardia, facial flushing, dry mouth and tremor can occur. increased talkativeness, disorganized thinking, inability to converse logically, Increased respiratory rate, red eye . Time distortions (time appears to slow down). Impaired judgment, reduced co-ordination which could impede driving ability. Tachypnea, chest pain if inhaled INCREASED APPETITE..

Strox , V odoo. Synthetic cannabinoid, ketamine or fentanyl, stramonium (atropine or hyosine)or unknown additive sprayed on dried, shredded plant material or vaporized to produce a high. Addictive and cause withdrawal symptoms rapid heart rate vomiting violent behavior suicidal thoughts.

Opium. Air-dried latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L..

Constituents Alkaloids. The most important Morphine Most effective pain killer. Synthesis give very low yield. Antiperistaltic and respiratory depressant. It is addictive..

Pharmacological Effects. Sedation and anxiolysis Depression of respiration Pupillary constriction Nausea and vomiting Other effects Opioids can release histamines causing itching or more severe allergic reactions including bronchoconstriction.

Important Notes. Opium is : mixture of alkaloids derived from Papaver somniferum . An Opiate : is any of the naturally occurring narcotic alkaloids found in the opium poppy plant. e.g. morphine and codeine. An Opioid : is any natural or synthetic compound which has morphine- like action..

Heroin. Acetyl morphine Illegal highly addictive drug usually mixed with other substances as drugs, starch, powdered milk…...

Pharmacological actions of Heroin. Short term effect: converted to morphine in body, pleasurable sensation, warm flushing of skin, heavy feeling in the extremities, afterward, mental function is clouded. Cardiac function will be slowed even to death..

Tramadol. Weak opioid Maximal dose 400-600 mg day Long term use may lead to: Adrenal Insufficiency Liver and Kidney Damage.

Overdose. Tramadol overdose can induce CNS and respiratory depression, tachycardia, and seizures..

Tolerance and Dependence.

Tolerance. Tolerance is a diminished responsiveness to the drug’s action. Tolerance can be demonstrated by a decreased effect from a constant dose of drug or by an increase in the minimum drug dose required to produce a given level of effect. Physiological tolerance involves changes in the binding of a drug to receptors.

Cross-tolerance is the condition where tolerance for one drug produces tolerance for another drug – person who is tolerant to morphine will also be tolerant to the analgesic effect of fentanyl, heroin, and other opioids.

Dependence. Physiological dependence occurs when the drug is necessary for normal physiological functioning – this is demonstrated by the withdrawal reactions.

Withdrawal Reactions. Acute Action Analgesia Respiratory Depression Euphoria Relaxation and sleep Tranquilization Decreased blood pressure Constipation Pupillary constriction Hypothermia Drying of secretions Flushed and warm skin.

Treatment of addiction. Methadone (agonist) : Buprenorphine (partial agonist) : Popular in France, reduces withdrawal syndromes. Naltrexone : Antagonist. Buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual.

cocaine. Source Coca leaves Slightly volatile. erythroxylum_coca4.

cocaine.

Cocaine induce hyperadrenergic state, it causes an initial sympathetic discharge.. Users take cocaine in binges, in which cocaine is used repeatedly and at increasingly higher doses . This can lead to increased irritability, restlessness, panic attacks, paranoia, and even a full-blown psychosis,.

Nicotine. Source: Tobacco Liquid volatile. Highly toxic Used as insecticide..

It adversely affects the heart, reproductive system, lung, kidney etc. Many studies have consistently demonstrated its carcinogenic potential.

Caffeine and power drinks.