Law enforcement operation and planning with crime mapping

c. Raffy E. Duarte (Name). Batch 2016, Osmena Colleges (School Graduated ).

Law enforcement operation and planning with crime mapping.

Table of contents. 1. Law Enforcement Operations 2. Operational Procedures 3. Arrest Methodology 4. Search and Seizure 5. Raid Operations 6. Pursuit Operations.

“Law Enforcement Operations”. Chapter 1.

introduction. Law enforcement operations both theoretical and practical perspective have been the subject of much interest since the earliest organized law enforcement agencies in the world. Hence, because law enforcement officers are agents of the government, their roles and authorities have, perhaps not surprisingly, faced a higher level of scrutiny which has evolved over time. Law enforcement officers play a significant role in regulating social behavior, limitations of individual freedom, and resolving disputes..

There is a need to keep in mind that law enforcement falls within the executive branch of government responsible for enforcing the law..

What is law enforcement operations ?. Refer to the numerous jobs, duties, responsibilities, activities, and undertakings that the law enforcement officer performs in the field. It is also any system by which some members of society act in an organized manner to enforce the law by deterring persons who violate the laws..

Categories of law enforcement operations:. 1. Public Safety – These includes search, rescue, and retrieval operations, fire drills, earthquake drills and similar operations that promote public safety. Public safety operations are functions of law enforcement agencies which ensure the protection of citizens, persons in their area of responsibilities, organizations, and institutions against threats to their well-being, and to the prosperity of the community members..

2. Implementation of Laws and Statutes – These include the service of warrant of arrest, implementation of search warrant, enforcement of the visitation powers of the law enforcement and police executives, anti-illegal drugs operations, anti-gambling operations, anti-illegal logging operations, anti-illegal fishing operations, anti-carnapping operations, anti-kidnapping operations, anti-cybercrime operations and similar operations that are conducted to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders, and ordinances..

3. Internal Security Operations - These include counter-insurgency operations, counter terrorist operations; and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security. The law enforcement agencies shall support the military entity in internal security operations for the suppression of insurgency and other serious threats to national security..

4. Special Operations – These include mobile checkpoint operations, roadblock operations, civil disturbance management operations, law enforcement assistance in the implementation of demolition, eviction, injunction, or similar orders, and in the implementation of court order, or order from quasi-judicial bodies, crisis management, on-board visitation of marine vessels, and similar operations that are conducted by law enforcement agencies with specialized training on the peculiarity of the mission or purpose..

5. Intelligence Operations - These include surveillance operations, counter intelligence operations, intelligence research, intelligence assessment and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, and public safety and order ..

6. Investigation Operations - These include investigation of crimes or incidents, administrative investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filling of cases criminally or administratively. There are different types of investigation operations responses that are defined by nature and status of the event that the investigator is facing: If it is an active event, it will require a tactical investigative response. If it is an inactive event, it will require a strategic investigative response..

7. Scene of the Crime Operations- These include the processing of the crime scene, technical and forensic examination of evidences and similar scientific investigative assistance. This is an extremely significant task component of investigation because evidence that can be collected at the crime scene will provide a picture of events fort the court to consider in its deliberations..

8. Traffic Management Operations - The traffic management is a term used to embody the activities undertaken by the land transportation agencies of the government to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of transportation services. In the country, there are several government agencies which deal with traffic management. These agencies include the : MMDA – Metropolitan Manila Development Authority PHPG - Police Highway Patrol Group LTO - Land Transportation Office.

9. Response to Emergency Operations - Law enforcement agencies often play a critical role in emergency operations with regard to response, search, rescue, and recovery. NDDRRMC - National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council..

10. Social Services Operations - This is a very important and often overlooked aspect of law enforcement operations work and includes the following: returning stolen property, providing medical aid, as well as other forms of social services. The social services operations must be coupled with the primary duties of keeping the peace and order, apprehending violators, and combating crime..

The purposes of law enforcement operations are as follows:.

2. Law enforcement officers may be called upon by the community-members for any number of issues, such as: nuisance checks, medical emergencies, vandalisms, suspected gang activities, trespassing, domestic disputes, fights and disturbances, strayed animals, criminal activities, such as robbery or theft, and assault..

3. Law enforcement officers must also ensure their own safety and the safety of the general public when responding to criminal activities. Some of the key objectives include professional and lawful approach to calls for service documentation or reporting of alleged criminal activity, and responding to emergencies..

4. Law enforcement operations also involves the following additional activities; arresting offenders with or without warrant, search and seizure of contrabands with or without warrant, preserving the integrity of crime scenes and aiding in the collection of evidence, and testifying in court, as required..

Obligations in law enforcement operations. Law enforcement operations shall be guided by the obligations to respect and protect human rights, norms, ethics and standards of international human rights and humanitarian law. Hence, all the aspects of law enforcement operations shall ensure compliance with human rights standards, shall promptly record and share allegations of violations with the human rights component, and shall be prepared to intervene, including through the use of force where mandated, to stop ongoing human rights violations and to protect community members..

Limitations in law enforcement operations. All law enforcement agencies have four primary duties, such as: Keeping the peace. Apprehending violators and arresting criminals. Preventing and controlling crime. Providing social services..

Under the law, a law enforcement officer “seizes” a person when he or she restricts his or her liberty, either by a show of government authority to which the individual submits or by physical force. Thus, arrests, pedestrian and traffic stops, and all uses of force by the law enforcement officers constitute seizures within the meaning of the law..

Searches occur when the government intrudes upon an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy or when it physically trespasses into a person’s property for the purpose of gathering information..

Under the terms of Section 2, Article III of the 1987 Constitution, a government search or seizure must reasonable. Hence, reasonableness often requires that the law enforcement officer possess a quantum of evidence about an individual’s involvement in crime before initiating a search or seizure..

In some cases, the amount od suspicion required to be engaged in a stop or search is tied to the intrusiveness of the activity. Thus, a stop, which is a brief detention of a person short of a full arrest, requires that the law enforcement officer has evidence arising to a “ reasonable suspicion ” that the person stopped is involved in criminal activity or has just committed or is about to commit an offense..

Since arrest are more intrusive than stops, the Supreme Court requires that a law enforcement officer has “ probable cause ” to believe that a person has committed a crime, a higher level of justification than a reasonable suspicion..

While stops, searches, and arrests are all regulated by law, defining what constitutes a search or seizure and puts many common policing activities used in proactive policing strategies beyond the scope of the Bill of Rights, most critically, the doctrine governing consensual encounters; the third party doctrine and the doctrine concerning activities in public places permit law enforcement officer to gather information and monitor individuals without engaging in a search or seizure within the meaning of the Bill of Rights..

Guidelines in law enforcement operations. Law enforcement officers involved in any categories of law enforcement operations shall at all times fulfill the duty imposed upon them by law by serving the community and by protecting all persons against illegal and criminal acts, consistent with the high degree of responsibilities required by their profession. Hence, in the conduct of law enforcement operations of any kind, law enforcement office shall respect and protect human dignity, maintain and the uphold the human rights, and integrity, and liberty of all persons..

Hence, in the conduct of law enforcement operations, the wise use of discretion is of utmost important. Discretion can only be interpreted as those decisions that are made with lawful authority rather than decisions made for illegal reasons..

Perspective in law enforcement operations. Society depends on law enforcement to respond to crime and hold offenders accountable by identifying those who committed crimes, and to respond to a range of incidents and emergencies, and to provide first responder and security report..

Operational procedure. Chapter 2.

What are operational procedures?. Operational procedures refer to the standard policies designed to give guidance and direction to law enforcement officers regardless of the types of functions to be performed or law enforcement operations to be conducted..

These are aimed of determining future course of actions or conditions in order to operate effectively in any given situation. This also provides detailed written instruction on how to perform routine law enforcement operations and explain the process being described. It is likewise specific to law enforcement operations to describe the activities necessary to complete the tasks in accordance with the rules and regulations, statutes, rule of law, and the constitution..

Principles in operational procedures. 1. Principle of Legality All action of law enforcement officers should be on provisions of the law. This is the legal ideal which requires that all law enforcement officers must strictly follow the rules of the law..

2. Principle of Necessity It should not affect or restrict human rights more than what is necessary. This principle is the basis on which extra-legal actions by the law enforcement officers, which are designed to restore peace and order and ensure public safety, are found to be unconstitutional. It also include the ability of the law enforcement officers to use reasonable force, where the violation of law requires necessity to prevent even worse harm..

3. Principle of Proportionality It should not affect human rights in a way that is disproportionate to the aim. It is a general principle in law enforcement agencies that is used to convey the idea that the use of deadly force must fit the seriousness of the crime committed and the threats to lives and properties posed by the criminals..

4. Principle of Accountability Those carrying law enforcement operations should be fully accountable to the different branches of the government such as the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary, including the internal affairs service of their respective agencies and the general public, as well..