Art integrated project ENGLISH

Art integrated project ENGLISH. Jawahar Navodaya vidyalaya MYSURU KIRAN KUMAR B 11’A’.

Bibliography. Wikipedia Slideshare Slideplayer.

INTRODUCTION The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in South Asia and perhaps the world. The term Gond refers to tribal peoples who live all over India's Deccan Peninsula. Most describe themselves as Gonds (hill people) or as Koi or Koitur. Scholars believe Gonds settled in Gondwana, now known as eastern Madhya Pradesh, between the ninth and thirteenth centuries AD . Muslim writers describe a rise of Gond states after the fourteenth century. Gond dynasties ruled in four kingdoms in central India between the sixteenth and mid—eighteenth centuries. However, Gonds are similar to many tribal groups today in that they face severe economic hardships. Although some Gond groups own a great deal of others are classified as Scheduled Tribes, which mean eed special social and economic help..

LOCATION ALL Gonds live all over central India. and in the states of Maharashtra and Orissa. As "hill people." they traditionally have been associated with hills and uplands in the Deccan Peninsula. Many Gonds live around the Satpura Hills, Maikala Range and Son-Deogarh uplands. and on the Bastar plateau. Many Gond tribes also live in the Garhjat Hills of northern Orissa. The region is drained by the head-waters of many of India's major rivers (such as the Narmada, Tapti, Son. Mahanadi. and Godavari). February sees the start of the hot and Late season eptembeemark$-theret.

RELIGION Persa Pen is the most distinctive feature of Gond religion. Like many other tribes, Gonds worship a high god known as Baradeo, whose alternate names are Bhagavan, Sri Shambu Mahadeo, and Persa Pen. Baradeo oversees activities of lesser gods. He is respected but he does not receive fervent devotion, which is shown only to clan deities. Each Gond clan has its Persa Pen, who protects all clan members. The Persa Pen is essentially good but can be dangerous and violent. Each village has its Village-Guardian and Village- who are worshipped when villagers Mother celebrate regular festivities. Gonds also worship family and household gods, gods of the field, and gods of cattle. Deities such as Shitala Mata, goddess pf smallpox, help ward off disease. Spirits.

Festivals ancl Superstitions • Most aspects of Gond life, from the greatest festivals to the building of a new cattle shed, are accompanied by sacrifice. Certain deities, especially female ones, demand chickens, goats, and sometimes male buffaloes. Every nine or twelve years, Gonds sacrifice a pig to the god Narayan Deo in an important ceremony known as the Laru Kaj (Pig's Wedding). Other rituals also involve offerings of frqits, coconuts, fTowers, colored powder, and strings. • Gonds believe evil spirits and the gods' displeasure cause most diseases and misfortunes. They ask soothsayers and diviners to find out the cause of probTems and to suggest remedies. Sometimes, magicians and shamans (healers) can provide this advice. Magicians use special formulas to control the actions of a deity or spirit that is causing a particular affliction. Shamans fall into a trance and give voice to the demands of an offended god or spirit..

Family life Gond society is divided into four groups known as phratries or sagas in Gondi. Each saaa traces its descent to one of the four groups ot gods who emerged from the cave after their release by the hero Lingal. The saga is divided into several clans (pari) . A clan consists of a group of people who believe they share a common ancestor. Generally, it is good to marry outside the clan. Kinship and marriage customs among Conds reflect broader regional patterns. The norm is cross—cousin marriage (for example, marrying one's mother's brother's daughte-), which is typical in southern India. Gond groups that have been inmaenced by northern peoples such as Marathas, however, follow northern customs in determintng marriage partners. Similarlv, northern Gonds allow widows to remarry a brother of the deceased husband. Gonds typically choose their marriage mates, and a tribal council approves the matches. The father of a groom pays a bride price. Gond weddings include many si nificant ceremonies. The main part of the wedding occurs when the gride and groom walk seven times around a wedding post. Newlyweds live with the groom's family until it is possible for them to move into a house of their own. times, Gond matches are made when a groom and bride elope. a es must be approved later by relatives and the village These council. The also can approve divorces..

SOCIAL PROBLEMS • Gonds face problems typical of tribal peoples throughout South Asia and much of the world. They suffer exploitation and discrimination, and often are forced to live on less productive lands in , remote areas. They are experien&ng increasing pressure on their land, a rise in the number of landless laborers, and high levels of poverty. Lack of education and low levels of literacy further reduce economic opportunity..

LIVING CONDITIONS • Each Gond village has a headman (known by local names such as mukhia, malüi, or patel ) and a village council (panchayat) chosen by the villagers. The council consists of the headman, priest, village watchman, and four or five elders. It helps keep the village running smoothly and upholds Gone customs. • Houses are usually built of mud and thatch. They consist of a living room, kitchen, veranda. • Gond houses contain cots and a few wooden stools; mats are used for sitting and sleeping..

FOOD The staples of the Gond diet are two millets known as kodo and kutki . These are either boiled to a broth or cooked to a dry cereal. Broth is preferred for the first two meals of the day and the dry cereal is eaten at night, often with vegetables. Vegetables are either grown in gardens or collected from forests along with roots and tubers. Honey is also gathered from forests. Rice is a luxury item that Gonds enjoy during feasts and festivals. Most Gonds like meat. Animals sacrificed at ceremonies are eagerly consumed, and animals hunted in the forest supplement the diet. Gonds must abstain from the flesh of anrmals that are their clan totems. Gonds prow tobacco for smoking and for celebrations make liquor trom the mahua tree..

Designs.

Designs.