SOUTH ASIA: INDIA & PAKISTAN

SOUTH ASIA: INDIA & PAKISTAN. 176928p. india-pakistan-flag_0.

COLONIALISM IN ASIA. Between 1870-1914 European nations engaged in imperialism, bringing much of the world under their control. Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic & cultural life of another country or region..

BRITISH COLONIAL RULE IN INDIA. BY THE mid-1800s, BRITAIN CONTROLLED 3/5 OF INDIA During WWI over 1 million Indians served in the British war effort Indian nationalists grew increasingly angry that they had little freedom at home The British promised more Indian self-gov’t after the war However, when WWI ended, Britain proposed only minor changes.

[Audio] INDIAN PROTESTS BEGIN 1919 Amritsar massacre: Peaceful protestors shot by British soldiers A turning point: Convinced many Indians of the need for complete independence 1920s: Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a new leader: United all Indians behind the drive for independence.

[Audio] MOHANDAS GANDHI (1869-1948) For his role in achieving Indian independence, Gandhi: Has been compared to George Washington Inspired people the world over Influenced MLK jr. With his use of non-violent civil disobedience Gandhi’s campaign of nonviolence slowly forced Britain to agree to hand over some power to Indians.

[Audio] THE END OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA Britain outraged Indian leaders by: Postponing further action on independence Bringing India into WWII without consulting them WW II: Millions of Indians served in the British war effort Angry nationalists launched a campaign of noncooperation When WWII ended, independence could no longer be delayed.

[Audio] INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION AS INDEPENDENCE NEARED, TENSIONS BETWEEN INDIA’S 2 LARGEST RELIGIOUS GROUPS BEGAN TO HEAT UP: HINDUS MUSLIMS INDIA’S MUSLIM MINORITIES WANTED A STATE OF THEIR OWN.

[Audio] INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION (CONT’D) IN 1947, BRITAIN PARTITIONED INDIA: CREATED A HINDU INDIA CREATED A MUSLIM PAKISTAN PAKISTAN CONSISTED OF 2 SEPARATED SECTIONS: WEST PAKISTAN EAST PAKISTAN.

[Audio] TRAGEDY UNFOLDS The partition of India: Uprooted millions of people who sought safety on the other side of the new borders Unleashed violence between Hindus & Muslims: Stemming from years of mistrust exploited by the British Horrified, Gandhi, who had withdrawn from active politics, intervened & was killed by a Hindu extremist in 1948.

[Audio] WARS BETWEEN INDIA & PAKISTAN Fear & mistrust have defined relations between India & Pakistan. At independence, border conflicts ignited a war over Kashmir, a state in the Himalayas. Its Hindu prince signed Kashmir over to India, but its majority Muslim population wanted to be a part of Pakistan. Since then, the 2 nations have fought several wars over Kashmir..

[Audio] SOUTH ASIA & THE COLD WAR During the cold war, India & Pakistan took different paths: India welcomed economic aid from both superpowers but otherwise embraced neutrality (non-alignment) Pakistan, feeling threatened both by India & the USSR to the north, accepted U.S. Military aid.

[Audio] TENSIONS FUEL A NUCLEAR ARMS RACE The danger from conflict rose after India became a nuclear power in 1974 Pakistan, feeling threatened, developed its own nuclear capabilities in 1998 Both nations refused to sign the non-proliferation treaty (1995).

[Audio] NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA In 1968, a number of nations signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (npt), agreeing to halt the spread of nuclear weapons. During the 1995 treaty renewal debate, some nations refused to sign, questioning why some could have them (U.S., Russia) & others could not (India, Pakistan, Iran & n. Korea)..