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Let us engage in an experiment to observe invisible living organisms.

You will need: - A sample of coconut water, a glass slide, a cover slip, light microscope  Method: -  Put the coconut water into a clean container and keep it for three days. Then put a drop of coconut water on to the glass slide and cover it with a cover slip.  Observe the prepared slide through the light microscope under low power

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Image of yeast when observing it under a microscope

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1)What is microorganism? The unicellular or multi cellular organisms which cannot be observed clearly by naked eye are called microorganisms. 2) Mention some places where microorganisms survive?   They live in environments like atmosphere, water, soil and also they live in hostile environments such as glaciers, deserts, hot springs and etc. 3) Name some microorganisms that you know?  Bacteria, Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas              Note: Microorganisms differ from one another according to the morphological characters as well as according to the physiological mechanisms.  Note: The type of microorganism that shows the characteristics of a living as well as non-living feature is virus.(living feature- reproduction)

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4) Name the scientist who discovered the microorganisms for the very first time under a microscope?  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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1) What is food spoilage? Food become unfavourable for consumption due to the changes of properties is known as food spoilage.   Let us do a activity to learn about what is food spoilage You will need: - A slice of bread, some water, a glass slide, a cover slip, microscope  Method: -  Spray some water on the slice of bread and keep it for three days.  Take some of the substance grown on the slice of bread and place on the glass slide. Put a drop of water on it.  Cover the slide with a cover slip.  Observe the slide through the microscope under the low power..

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The main reason for the food spoilage is the microbial growth in the food. Let’s do an experiment to find it out.

You will need: - Sugar, yeast, a balloon, warm water (40 o C), a bottle (500 ml), a beaker/suitable container  Method: -  Dissolve two teaspoons of sugar in 200 ml of warm water.  Add one teaspoon of yeast into the above sugar solution.  Leave it for about 20 minutes and observe. Next pour a newly prepared solution into the bottle.  Then fix a balloon to the mouth of the bottle.  Record your observations after about 20 minutes.

In a 2-cup bowl, dissolve yeast +
sugar in warm water
Let stand until Foamy, about
5-70 minutes

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2) What are the main factors that contribute to microbial activity?  Moisture and Temperature 3)At what temperature microorganisms react? At room temperature(25- 30’c) 4) What are the changes that take place after the food spoilage? Change of taste, odour, colour, texture and nutritional value of the food Note: A substrate, suitable temperatures and pH ranges are the factors for the growth of different microbes. Therefore, microbial activity can be controlled by controlling these factors.

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Chart that shows the microbial activities depend on the food type

Microbial activity                   Fermentation                      Putrefaction                        Rancidity               (food high in sugar)          (food high in protein)          (food high in fats)

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Impact of microorganisms on humans and their activity

Beneficial effects              producing curd               producing yoghurt               producing cheese               bakery products              producing antibiotics              producing vaccines               food               making compost              producing bio gas              coir industry

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Microorganisms decompose dead plant and animal matter. If not these matter get collected and it affects the balance of environment. Therefore, microorganisms contribute to the well-being of the environment.   Microorganisms are also used to control pests. This is one of the biological control methods of pests.

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Harmful effects of microorganisms                 Food spoilage                    causing infectious                   cause economical                                                              disease                                    damage

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Microorganisms cause various infectious diseases for man, animals and crops .

Infectious diseases caused to man          Virus - common cold, dengue, AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)             Bacteria - tuberculosis, leprosy, typhoid fever             Protozoa - malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebisis             Fungi - pityriasis, sore

This Photo  by Unknown Author is licensed under  CC BY-SA

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Module 1: Basic Knowledge About Rabies – Rabies Awareness Campaign for  Education

⋆ ?Causes of foot and mouth disease in a cow ⋆ ?Farmer

Every fifth buffalo and cow in Pakistan is suffering from mastitis,  Experts. - E Agriculture Service for Farmers – Bakhabar Kissan

A bull suffering from foot  and mouth disease

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Damage caused due to the growth of microorganisms, on surfaces of objects.

Cloth That Affected By Fungus Mold Stock Photo (Edit Now) 679470622

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Importance of Microorganisms

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 This Photo  by Unknown Author is licensed under  CC BY-SA

Importance of Microorganisms

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