INTER DISCIPLINARY PROJECT

[Audio] Good evening everyone. Today, we are here to present an inter-disciplinary project that explores the causes and effects of the Great Depression and its impact on India and the global economy. We will be taking a closer look at how this period affected businesses, people and the world economy. Let us begin..

Today we will be focusing on the Great Depression, its causes and effects can be seen around the world. India and the great depression, The role of roadways railways waterways and airways in building the national economy of india and the Impact of Globalization in India

[Audio] The Great Depression was a catastrophic event, lasting from 1929 to 1939 and spanning across the globe. Its effects were immense, resulting in unemployment of over 13 million people, approximately 3% of the world's population. This has been cited as the most severe economic crisis of the 20th century. Countries around the world, including India, felt its impact. India, which was historically dependent on agriculture and other service goods, experienced a drastic decline. Many farmers were unable to sustain themselves, and were forced to relinquish possession of the goods they had to pay off their debts. This was further exacerbated by the Dust Bowl drought, leaving many homeless and destitute..

4 CHILDREN FOR SALE. Fun STtRLY FARM HANDS i WANTED.

[Audio] The Great Depression was a period of extensive economic disruption across the United States from 1929 to 1941. Following the 1929 stock market crash, panic ensued with investors erasing almost thirty billion dollars from the stock market, leading to immense financial struggle and the bankruptcy of around five thousand banks. The impacts of this tragedy remain visible even today, having far-reaching consequences..

[Audio] The USA is presently grappling with its most serious financial crisis in decades, caused by the economic fallout of the recent recession. Consumer spending and investments have plummeted, leading to a dramatic decline in industrial output. As a result, numerous companies have been forced to let go of their staff, leading to an unemployment rate of 25% and a contraction of the GDP to half its value, thereby bringing about acute deflation..

[Audio] The Great Depression of the 1930s was a complex event, with numerous contributing factors. One of the causes was the tight monetary policies adopted by the Central Bank of America. It was followed by the stock market crash of 1929, and its impact saw the closure of banks as people withdrew their savings. This further exacerbated the situation, leading to a reduction in purchases due to diminished savings. The Tariff Act of 1930, also known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, further raised the stakes with taxes on imported goods. All these different elements combined to create one of the most devastating economic downturns of the 20th century..

[Audio] The roaring twenties brought about unprecedented economic growth in the United States. This led to a period of increased consumption and demand, prompting more investment and employment. However, these same developments also made speculation more commonplace, leading to the Great Depression. Many factors, such as unequal distribution of wealth and over-production, all served to contribute to this economic collapse. In retaliation, trade markets imposed high taxes on exports coming from the USA, resulting in a two-thirds decline in the World Trade Centre. This Interdisciplinary Project serves to examine and analyze the issues that caused the Great Depression..

[Audio] The Great Depression was one of the most devastating times in history, with its causes contested amongst historians. Most historians point to several key factors to explain it, including monetary policy, unequal distribution of wealth, high tariffs, war debts, stock market crash, financial panics, farm crisis, industrial overproduction and the 1928 presidential election. Such a breadth of factors demonstrates the importance of an interdisciplinary approach when scrutinizing any historical event..

[Audio] India experienced severe impacts of the Great Depression, primarily in its commerce. Exports and imports plummeted by almost 50% between 1928 and 1934, and prices in India dropped significantly. Wheat prices decreased by half, leaving farmers in a state of dire straits. Rural workers providing goods to the international market were hit particularly hard, despite the colonial government's refusal to lower taxes..

[Audio] The Interdisciplinary Project had a positive financial effect on urban India. Prices went down, which had a positive impact on urban landowners with rent-based incomes and middle class salaried professionals. Tariff protection for industry also increased industrial investment. However, exports dropped by 60%, and small farmers were compelled to sell off gold and jewelry to pay their debts, making India a net exporter of gold. Even though the situation for farmers was severe, the economy as a whole recovered swiftly..

[Audio] India has achieved remarkable progress in its road network since the end of the war. It boasts the second largest roadway network in the world, with a total of 142.68 km for every 100 square km of the country. This impressive network is a testament to India's commitment to providing a convenient and efficient transport for both goods and services. Roads, in particular, take up a large share of the country's freight and passenger traffic. India's roadways have been an essential part of its transport system since its very beginnings, predating even the development of railways..

[Audio] The Golden Quadilateral Super Highway project, connecting four of India's major metropolitan cities, is an example of successful interdisciplinary collaboration. Spanning across six paths, it stretches from Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir to Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu, and east to west from Silchar in Assam to Porbander in Gujarat. This ambitious project has been able to be achieved thanks to the collective efforts of engineers, architects, financial planners and skilled labor..

[Audio] National and State Highways in India play a major role in connecting different parts of the country. Maintained by Central Public Works Department and State Public Works Department respectively, National Highways link extreme parts of India and have various significant routes running in North-South and East-West directions. Similarly, State Highways connect the state capital to various district headquarters. Both these road systems are essential for India's transportation infrastructure, connecting cities and remote areas across the country..

[Audio] The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is an opportunity to showcase its important and valuable work for India. Established in 1960, this Government of India undertaking has been continuously striving to improve roads in the Northern and North-Eastern parts of the country, making the area more accessible. The improved roads have enabled people and communities to interact and open up opportunities for economic growth, migration, tourism and strengthening India's links to other countries. The BRO is a clear indication of India's dedication to enhancing the lives of people in the region..

[Audio] In this interdisciplinary project, we are looking into the various types of roads. District roads link the main area command with different areas in the region, and are maintained by the Zila Parishad. Moreover, roads connecting rural areas with towns have been given more importance due to the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana, which aims to connect all towns in the nation to a major city with an all-weather roadway..

[Audio] Roadways offer many advantages for travelers – they have a low construction cost, are easy to navigate, have low handling costs, and provide a connection with other modes of transportation, forming a comprehensive travel network. These features make roadways one of the most economical and convenient choices for brief distances..

[Audio] The Indian Railways is a passenger and freight transporter, as well as a social welfare organization, with an extensive network covering almost the entire country. Its first train was running in 1853 and has since then grown to become one of the longest rail networks in the world with over 1.2 million kilometers of railways and 21000 trains transporting millions of passengers and tonnes of freight daily. India's railway network is the fourth biggest globally and the second-largest in Asia..

[Audio] Railways have long been a major factor in the history of India. On April 16, 1853, Lord Dalhousie inaugurated the country's first passenger train which ran between Bombay's Bori Bunder station and Thane. This event marked not only the inception of the modern Indian Railways system, but also the opening of India to the rest of the world. Various geographical conditions, such as the terrain, population density, and agricultural resources, have largely shaped the railway network's distribution pattern in India. For instance, in the northern plains, railway lines are constructed due to the level terrain, high population density, and agricultural resources. Meanwhile, in the peninsular region, railway lines go through low hills, gaps or tunnels, and the harsh desert of Rajasthan proves to be a difficult area to build railway lines. The Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats is also traversed through gaps or passes. The railways have served as a symbol of progress, modernization and development in India..

[Audio] Using waterways for transportation presents a number of benefits, including the sustainable, efficient and economical transportation of people and goods. Not only can international trade occur via seaports, but waterways can also be used to transport goods and people within the country. This type of transportation is highly cost effective and eco-friendly, emitting minimal pollution. By capitalizing on the immense potential that waterways provide, we can create a more sustainable future..

[Audio] This session will focus on the integral part played by the interdisciplinary project, in particular the national waterways and sea ports. A particular emphasis will be placed on the Ganga River between Allahabad and Haldia, a distance of 1620 kilometres, the Brahmaputra River between Sadiya and Dhubri, 891 kilometres, and the West Coast Canal in Kerala, with a total length of 205 kilometres. In addition, other viable inland waterways including the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans, Buckingham Canal, Brahmani, East-west Canal, and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal will also be discussed. We will look at Vishakhapatnam, the deepest landlocked and well-protected port, as well as Marmagao Port in Goa and Kandla in Kuch, the first port developed soon after independence. All of these waterways and ports are vital components of the interdisciplinary project..

[Audio] Air travel is integral to the connectivity of the global community. In 1953, the Indian government introduced a new age of potential by nationalizing its air transport. Currently, Indian Airlines, Alliance Air, commercial airlines, and unscheduled operators facilitate travel within India. Air India offers international flight service, whilst Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. is committed to transporting passengers to remote areas of the northeast, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal. Additionally, Indian Airlines has flights to South and Southeast Asian countries, further extending the reach of air travel. This form of transportation is capable of crossing long distances from high mountains, deserts, forests, and oceans, with relative ease..

lilU.

[Audio] Globalization is having an immense impact on India. It is creating a better investment climate, bringing in advanced technology, and providing a more diverse selection of goods. Globalization is also creating new jobs and generating higher incomes. It has allowed India to join the global economy, helping it become an economic power. But it is also having an effect on India's traditional cultural values, leading to a clash between modern values and traditional ones. Despite these challenges, India is able to benefit from globalization while preserving its unique culture." Globalization has drastically changed the face of India in recent years. From foreign investment to the advancement of technology, India has seen its fortunes rise as it joins the global market. Jobs have been created and incomes have grown, and while India's traditional values have come under some pressure, the country is able to capitalize on the opportunities globalization has put forth. For India, globalization has been a way to both participate in the global economy and to maintain its cultural identity..

[Audio] Globalisation has given companies the chance to assign activities such as accounting, administrative duties, data entry and engineering to outside sources and benefit from the competitive price of labour in India. This has enabled Indian companies like Infosys, Ranbaxy and Tata Motors to benefit from the intensifying competition and carve a place for themselves in the global market. This proposed interdisciplinary endeavour can open the doors to investigating how we can keep making use of these openings to grow our companies..

[Audio] We present our Inter Disciplinary Project. We have been working together for the last few weeks and have made considerable progress. We have each made our individual contributions and this is the result of our collective efforts. We would like to thank our teachers for providing us with the support and guidance required to complete this project. We would also like to thank our classmates for their encouragement and feedback. Finally, we would also like to thank everyone for taking the time to watch our presentation. We hope you enjoyed it. Thank you..