Introduction to super computers

Course code: IT-109 Group no: 10 Group members: Syeda Muskan Haider (23011598-042) Zabgha bibi (23011598-053) Noor-ul-Ain (23011598-029) Iqra Batool Abbas (23011598-035) Zeesha Fatima (23011598-017) University of Gujrat.

Introduction to super computers. -Definition: high performance machines for complex tasks Purpose: solve scientific and mathematical problems -Comparison: excel in speed vs. mainframe’s scalability.

Characteristics of Supercomputers. -Processing Power: FLOPS measure,exascalelevels -Size and Cooling: Massive processors, intricate connections ,sophisticated cooling. -Parallel Processing: Divide tasks, optimize for specific calculations.

Top Five SuperComputers Worldwide. 1. Fugaku (Japan): -speed: 442 petafloaps -purpose: climate modeling , drug discovery 2. Summit (USA): -speed : 148.6 petaflops -purpose : nuclear stimulations, national security.

3. Sierra (USA): -Speed: 94 petaflops. - Purpose: Nuclear simulations, national security. 4. Sunway TaihuLight (China): - Speed: 93 petaflops. - Purpose: Scientific/engineering applications. 5. SuperMUC-NG (Germany): - Speed: 26 petaflops. - Purpose: Astrophysics, fluid dynamics..

SuperComputers in Pakistan. -ScREC by RCMS at NUST , Islamabad -performance:132 teraflops -fastest in Pakistan, advances regional research.

Introduction to QuantumComputing. -definition of quantum computing at the intersection of physics and computer science -differentiation from classical computers using qubits and superposition -Challenges include qubit stability -Promises faster solutions than classical counterparts.

Key Concepts in QuantumComputing. 1.Qubits and Superposition: -explanation of qubits and their ability to exsist in multiple states simultaneously -analogy of magical coin representing superposition 2. Entanglement: -entanglement’s role in quantum computing -analogy of two magical coins showing the same side regardless of distance 3. contrasting with classical computing: -highlighting the paradigm shift allowing for simultaneous exploration of multiple possibilities.

Quantum Hardware. 1. Quantum gate operations: -overview of superposition, manipulation and collapse in quantum gates -importance of unitary matrices in quantum gate representation 2. Quantum Algorithms: - introduction to noteable algorithms like Shor’s algorithm,Grover’s, Quantum Fourier Transform, QAOA and VQE. - significance and potential applications of each algorithm in real world scenerios.

Applications in various sectors. 1. Cryptography and security: - Addressing the need for quantum-resistant encryption 2. Optimization problems : - solving root optimization and logistics challenges 3. Drug discovery: - accelerating molecular stimulations for pharmaceutical advancements 4. Machine learning : - enhancing pattern recognition and data analysis.

Quantum Entanglement and Basics. Definition: - phenomenon where particles’ quantum states are indefinite until measured - measuring one particle instantly determines the state of the other, regardless of distance Historical background: -introduced by Einstein , Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935 - Clauser and Aspect proved entanglement, challenging Einstein’s skepticism Significance: -reveals at subatomic scales -entangled particles remain connected over vast distances.

Principles and Applications. Principles: -entanglement associates quantum particle results -superposition involves uncertainty and multiple states Applications: -quantum teleportation: transfer of quantum information -quantum key distribution: secure communication -superdense coding: efficient transmission of classical information.

Future Implications and Advantages. Potential Developments: -quantum cryptography, coding , faster than light communication, teleportation -multiple simultaneous states for quantum computing -stability of entanglement in optical applications Advantages : -enables unique physical properties -stable entanglement over long periods in optical applications.

Conclusion:. -Quantum entanglement holds promise for revolutionary advancements -ongoing research focuses on overcoming challenges like decoherence and quantum error correction, quantum communication challenges and problems in qubit stability and connectivity for practical applications.

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