Human Body Systems-1

[Virtual Presenter] Human body systems are a testament to the incredible complexity of the human body and all of the functions it can carry out. The cardiovascular system facilitates the delivery of oxygen and nutrients around the body, while the nervous system is responsible for our thoughts, decisions and behaviour. The human body is a miraculous and fascinating machine, with each component of the human body systems serving a vital purpose, working together to create an intricate, but cohesive system. Today, we will be exploring the various systems and how they interact to enable us to survive and thrive..

[Virtual Presenter] We must remember that humans are more than the physical form of one particular body system. We are a combination of parts, that are linked and reliant on each other, to create a functioning whole. When we investigate into the structure and duty of the various body systems, we can begin to recognize how special we are, how the various body systems interact, and most importantly, how magnificent the human body is..

[Audio] Our bodies are intricate structures, composed of different systems that make us distinct from one another. Our skeletal system is the most important for providing support and stability, while our muscular system facilitates movement. Digesting food is the job of our digestive system, and respiration is handled by our respiratory system. Our circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood throughout our body, and our lymphatic system provides filtering and protection. The nervous system is our control center, coordinating our bodily functions, and the endocrine system produces hormones that regulate our bodily operations. The urinary system filters and eliminates waste and the reproductive system allows us to procreate. Delving further into how we can keep our systems healthy is provided in the last chapter of this book. Let's now discuss further on the whatsapp group..

[Audio] Our skeleton is essential to our human body, as it provides us with both form and function. Bones form a sturdy foundation, protecting and supporting our organs, while cartilage connects the bones to form joints, allowing us to move. At the center of our skeletal system is the spine, connecting our head to our tailbone with a complex network of vertebrae, discs, and spinal cord. When we are children, our skeletal system is largely comprised of cartilage, but it develops into adulthood with a fully formed structure. The result is a powerful skeletal system that enables us to move and grow..

[Audio] The human body is a complex network of components, each with their own purpose. The skull, scapula, ribs, and humerus give our upper body form, stability, and movement. In the arms, the radius, ulna, and carpals provide flexibility, balance and the ability to grasp. The legs, which feature the femur, patella, fibula, and tibia, give us the strength to stand and move. Similarly, our feet include tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges, allowing us to move along the ground. The pelvic area, calcaneus, and spinal column all provide stability and enable movement, while the clavicle, sternum, and tailbone protect our vital organs. Each of these components has its own purpose, and their cooperative effort allows the human body to function and move in all its glory..

6. Ligaments attaching the wrist bones to each other..

[Audio] A number of muscles and muscle groups in the human body carry out specific functions. The Trapezius is responsible for raising, rotating, and drawing back the shoulders, as well as pulling the head back or to the side. The Frontalis raises the eyebrows, and the Occuli Orbicularis closes the eyelids. To close the lips, the Orbicularis oris should be used. The Deltoid lifts and rotates the arm, while the Triceps straightens the elbow. Meanwhile, the Rectus abdominus draws the abdomen in, and the Finger extensors (located behind the fingers) extend them, opposite the Finger flexors which bend them. Similarly, the Quadriceps femoris straightens the knee or bends the hip joint, and the Adductor rotates the leg sideways. The Gastrocnemius bends the knee and lifts the heel, and the Peroneus extends the foot and turns it outward. Additionally, the Soleus extends the foot forward. The Biceps bends the arm at the elbow, and the Pectorals draw the shoulder forward and rotate the arm inward. Finally, the Sartorius bends the hip or knee and rotates the thigh outward..

[Audio] Humans have an incredibly complex and essential digestive system. Our sense receptors signal to the brain when we are hungry and saliva breaks down food in the mouth. The digestive process is aided by muscles along the passages of the digestive system that contract to push food forward. Our stomach stores food, while the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder release and store digestive juices. The small intestine is primarily responsible for chemically digesting and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream, while the large intestine reclaims water and releases waste. Additionally, the position and shape of the stomach shifts depending on the amount of food it contains, and the small intestine is lined with villi that create a greater surface area for food to come in contact with. All of these components work together to create the human digestive system, a miracle of biological engineering..

[Audio] Our body's inner workings are fairly well-known. The mouth is the starting point for digestion, with the assistance of teeth, tongue and saliva. Saliva is produced by salivary glands and serves to lubricate food for easier swallowing, as well as containing antibacterial agents and the amylase enzyme which breaks down starches. Once the food passes through the pharynx, the swallowing reflex is triggered and it travels to the oesophagus and then to the stomach, where it is stored and mixed with gastric juices containing mucus, enzymes and hydrochloric acid before being passed to the small intestine where the chemical digestion of food takes place. The large intestine then absorbs water and some key vitamins produced by bacteria that are present within it. The rectum then stores feces to be expelled from the body. Nutrition-rich blood is taken away from the small intestine and passes through the liver which filters it, breaks down proteins and synthesises carbohydrates. It also produces bile which is then collected by the gallbladder and discharged into the small intestine to help digest fats. The pancreas is a gland that produces digestive enzymes, alkaline solutions and the hormone insulin. All of these processes guarantee our bodies get the necessary energy and nutrients from the food we consume, keeping us healthy..

[Audio] Our respiratory system plays an essential role in our life processes, finely constructed to exchange gases with the environment. Inhalation introduces air into our lungs where oxygen is transferred to our blood and carbon dioxide is expelled. Our circulatory system then carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from all the different parts of our body. Haemoglobin molecules located in our red blood cells transport oxygen and give blood its red colour, providing a vital energy source. It is truly remarkable how intricately our respiratory system functions, making it our body's life support system..

[Audio] Our body is an incredible feat of engineering, with numerous components working together harmoniously to keep us healthy and functioning. The pharynx and its muscles are vital for sound production, while the epiglottis blocks food and liquids from entering the airway. Nasal cavities filter the air we inhale, regulating its temperature and humidity. The lungs are where gas exchange takes place and the diaphragm is the muscle that expands and contracts to facilitate breathing. The trachea, also known as the windpipe, carries the air to the bronchi, bronchioles and larynx, which contains the vocal cords. Of course, the heart is the crux of our bodies, pumping blood around our entire system. All these components work in tandem, ensuring our well-being..

[Audio] The circulatory system is a vital component of our anatomy, supplying oxygen and nourishment to the cells. It features the heart, blood vessels, and the blood itself. The heart pushes blood through the vessels, which branch off and weave into a web, eventually connecting with all parts of the body. The blood transports the oxygen and other materials the body needs for functioning correctly, and afterward flows back to the heart to be re-circulated. The circulatory system is in charge of regulating our body heat, transporting waste from our cells to be expelled, and guaranteeing that our cells acquire the nutrients they require for staying healthy..

[Audio] Our body is a remarkable and complicated system composed of organs and systems. The heart, lungs, arteries and veins are just a few components that work together to give our body energy and maintain it in a state of life. The aorta, pulmonary artery and vein, jugular vein, carotid artery, superior and inferior vena cava, and the portal, iliac and hepatic arteries and veins each possess their individual purpose in the body. Moreover, the minute capillaries join the ends of arteries and veins in order to transport gases, nourishment and metabolic waste. The interaction of these systems perform a crucial role in keeping us alive and in good health..

[Audio] The lymphatic system plays a key role in protecting our body from infectious agents and cancer cells. This carefully designed network works by transporting fluid and immune cells to the lymph nodes. In these nodes, the particles are filtered and eliminated, thus helping to protect our cells from any harm. An appreciation of the process allows us to better understand the importance of the lymphatic system in preserving our health..

[Audio] The human body is a remarkable and sophisticated mechanism, with the lymphatic system a major component. Our lymph nodes, tonsils, bone marrow, spleen, thymus and other structures work in tandem to filter out bacteria and foreign particles, produce blood cells, purify the blood, and even secrete hormones to fight disease. These and other components of the lymphatic system are vital for our health and safety, and it is therefore essential to maintain a strong and healthy lymphatic system..

16 Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem 7 7 7 7 7 OUR OUR OUR OUR OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system consists of the structures and processes that make up the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves distributed throughout the body. The Brain The brain is the site of consciousness. It produces thoughts, feelings, memory, and creativity. It monitors and controls our unconscious and well as conscious actions. The brain is an exceedingly complex organ, made up of billions of interconnected and interacting nerve cells. An intricate network of blood vessels bring a constant supply of oxygen and glucose, from which these nerve cells get the energy they need to function. Cerebrum integration, memory, learning, speech, emotions Grey matter (cerebral cortex) consists mainly of neuron cell bodies Corpus callosum the fibres that unite the two halves of the cerebrum White matter consists mainly of myelin covered axons Corpus callosum Pineal gland Pons Midbrain Medulla Cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture Hypothalamus directs signals to and from spinal cord, brain stem, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum Brain stem regulates heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, etc. Thalamus controls input and output to cerebrum Spinal cord Pituitary gland The Functions of the Nervous System: 1. Sensory Input the conduction of signals from sensory receptors 2. Integration the interpretation of the sensory signals and the formulation of responses 3. Motor output the conduction of signals from the brain and spinal cord to effectors, such as muscle and gland cells. 1 2 3 Dendrite Axon The dentrites of this neuron accept the signal from the upper neuron. Neurons receive and/or transmit electrical and chemical messages This neuron then passes on the signal through its axon to the muscle cells below. The axon of this cell passes an electrical signal to the dendrites of the cell below This axon is supported by a series of myelin sheaths, which are made of glial cells. Cell body Nucleus There are two types of nerve cells: neurons and glial cells. The muscle gets the signal to contract. The major nerves are bundles of axons. One axon may be more than 1 metre long. This section through the brain is shown here Nerve cells.

[Audio] The human body's nervous system is an incredibly complex system. The brain is the part of the central nervous system that regulates and controls activities throughout the body, with the peripheral nerves providing a network of nerves and ganglia to keep it connected. There are numerous cranial nerves that connect the brain and other organs of the head to relay sensory inputs and motor control. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that connects the brain stem to the backbone, and conducts signals to and from the brain. The body also has several nerve branches, such as the radial, peroneal, ulnar, median, intercostal, femoral and sciatic nerves, and the ganglia that connect each intercostal nerve to the spinal cord. This combination of components produces a system of remarkable design and function..

18 8 8 8 8 8 OUR OUR OUR OUR OUR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Many of our body’s functions are controlled by the endocrine system, which consists of glands that make and secrete regulatory chemicals called hormones. Molecular messengers: Hormones are molecules that are secreted in one part of the body and travel through the bloodstream to control what happens in another part. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland, located in the brain, produces hormones that regulate hormones produced by other glands. It also produces several different hormones that regulate bone and muscle growth, body changes at puberty, the menstrual cycle, child birth, lactation, water retention in the kidneys, and the male sexual response. How do hormones help us respond to stress? Hypothalamus RH stimulates pituitary to secrete ACTH Releasing Hormone (RH) Pituitary gland Nerve cells send signals Stress activates nerve cells Nerve cell Blood vessel Each adrenal gland is actually composed of two glands that produce different hormones. KIDNEY Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Epinephrine ACTH Corticosteroids Norepinephrine Nerve signal stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids Upon sensing stress, the brain responds, sending signals to the adrenal glands Receptor Epinephrine LIVER CELL Cell membrane Glucose is used for energy Glucose Glycogen A series of events results in release of glucose Corticosteroid Transcription DNA Gene activation Receptor protein Cell membrane TARGET CELL Immediate response: Increased blood glucose, blood pressure, breathing rate, and metabolic rate Cell nucleus New protein Translation mRNA STRESS Long-term response: Kidneys retain sodium and water, increased glucose, increased blood volume and blood pressure, immune system may be suppressed Testis Scrotum A testis gland hangs inside each scrotum. After puberty, in addition to producing sperm, the testes produce testosterone, the hormone that stimulates growth of facial and genital hair, a deeper voice, and muscle and bone growth. Males have testes instead of ovaries There are two main kinds of hormones: (1) Hormones made from amino acids These hormones may be modified amino acids, peptides, or proteins. They work by binding to and activating specific receptors on cell membranes. This causes a series of events inside the cell. Examples: epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, melatonin, LH, FSH (2) Steroid Hormones Steroids are lipids made from chloresterol. Steroid hormones enter target cells and attach to the cell’s DNA to either start or stop production of a protein (the gene product). Examples: corticosteroids, oestrogen, testosterone, androgen hypothalamus gland pituitary gland other proteins BRAIN.

[Audio] The human body is a truly remarkable piece of machinery. Our body systems are complex and interconnected, working together to keep us healthy and functioning. The role of the pituitary gland as a ‘master’ gland is especially important, as it regulates the production of several hormones throughout the body. This in turn helps the hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and pineal glands do their part in keeping the body in balance. From producing hormones to maintaining daily and seasonal cycles, our body systems work together to help us lead healthy, normal lives." The human body is an incredible feat of engineering, with all of its systems working together in harmony to keep us healthy and functioning. The pituitary gland is a clear exemplar of this, as it regulates the release of a range of hormones throughout our bodies that are essential for maintaining the balance between systems, such as the hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and pineal glands. Thanks to these hormones, our daily and seasonal cycles are regulated, so we can live our lives in health..

[Audio] Our body needs water every day for its proper functioning. The urinary system, with the kidneys as its primary organs, plays an important role in controlling the balance of fluids and excreting waste products. Urine is composed of water and a variety of molecules and ions such as potassium, bicarbonate, sodium, glucose, amino acids, urea, and uric acid. About 40% of the water taken in is expelled as sweat which helps regulate body temperature. Water is essential for the proper functioning of our body systems, so it is important to stay hydrated by consuming the appropriate amount of water..

[Audio] KIdneys are essential organs located just below the back ribs. They have a fundamental role in controlling the chemical composition of liquids all around the body. Blood from the aorta passes through the renal artery to the kidneys and then filtered to come back to the inferior vena cava with the renal vein. Urine is conveyed from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the ureter. The bladder is an extensible, muscular sac which contains urine until it is excreted out of the body via the urethra. This tube is surrounded by muscles which provides full control in urination..

[Audio] The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. The ovaries produce ova or eggs which travel down the fallopian tubes to the uterus. For fertilisation to occur, a sperm must meet and fertilise the egg. The cervix produces mucus which is required for the egg to pass through the uterus to the fallopian tube. The vagina is the opening where the egg is deposited during sexual intercourse. This process of ovulation, fertilisation and pregnancy is essential for the survival of the human species..

[Audio] Our reproductive system is a vital part of our overall health. It is composed of several components, all with different functions. The uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix, and vagina all work together to enable us to reproduce and maintain our health. The uterus and fallopian tubes bring the egg to the uterus and sperm to the egg, where fertilisation usually occurs. The ovaries contain the egg and also produce hormones to regulate the body's normal functioning. The cervix is the mouth of the uterus, and produces mucus to assist in fertilisation. Lastly, the vagina is the passageway from the uterus through which childbirth, menstrual blood, and copulation occur. All of these components function in a delicate balance, and properly caring for them is essential for optimal health and well-being..

[Audio] Reference books can be incredibly useful when it comes to finding answers to complex questions about the human body. This particular book contains information on topics such as the vertebrae, how to become dehydrated, muscles and organs, the effects of smoking, and both the nervous and endocrine systems, as well as details about body parts like lymph nodes and the urinary bladder. This reference book makes it easy to find the things you are looking for; it's just a matter of scanning the table of contents or using the index to find what you need..

[Audio] The human body is a complex and intricate system that functions efficiently. The bottom of the heart does not push blood into the top of the heart, but instead the tricuspid and mitral valves direct the flow of blood through the heart chambers. The visual appearance of our bodies also exhibits a high degree of bilateral symmetry, with the eyes, ears and limbs being arranged on either side of the body in a similar fashion. The internal organs are not symmetrical with each other and there are differences in male and female anatomy. The body is composed of several systems, such as the respiratory and circulatory system that interact in complex ways and the reproductive and endocrine systems further add to the complexity of the human body. Exploring the various connections and functions of the body allows us to gain an appreciation of the wonderful variety and complexity of our bodies..

[Audio] Understanding the various body systems and how they interact is essential for leading a healthy life. The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments and cartilage that provide structure and support. Muscles allow us to move and the nervous system is an intricate network of neurons and nerve cells that regulate actions and reactions. Our circulatory system moves nutrients, oxygen and hormones around the body and the digestive system breaks down food. The immune system defends us from bacteria and viruses and the endocrine system, a group of glands, helps to regulate hormones in the body. All of these systems work together to ensure our wellbeing..

27. M. Macrophages 14 Male Reproductive System 22 Mandible 4 Marrow 4 Maxilla 4 Median nerve 17 Medulla 16 Melatonin 18, 19 Memory 16 Menstrual Cycle 22 Menstruation 19 Metacarpals 5 Metatarsals 5 Midbrain 16 Motor output 16 Mouth 9 Mucus 9, 10 Mucus membranes 10 Muscle 16 Muscles 6, 8 Muscular system 6.