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OBJECTIVES Identify  the various sources of the History of  Ghana E xplain  the approach by which the history of Ghana was reconstructed.

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Ghana  was not unified country before the arrival of  the Europeans. Ghanaians lived in petty states, kingdoms and  empires.  Examples include; Guan, Akwamu, Denkyira, Asante,  Adanse , Fante, Ewe, Dagomba, Mamprusi, Ga,  etc. Mostly referred to as pre-colonial political entities or states. They were later unified during colonial rule to form one state.  Europeans referred to the place as Gold Coast because of the abundance of gold they discovered.  Gold Coast was used till the attainment of independence.

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The leaders adopted the name,  Ghana  after the attainment of independence.  The name  Ghana ,  in  the Mande language means  War Chief ,  was named after  the ancient Western Sudanese empire called Ghana, which rose and fell between AD 500 and AD  1250. Ghana  was the title borne by the king of the empire, who was also referred to as  kaya  maghan , meaning  king of  gold. The ancient empire was endowed with gold and  the  rulers controlled the  export trade in  gold.

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Founder leaders of modern Ghana decided to change the name from Gold Coast. To them,  Gold  Coast was a name imposed by the European imperialist leaders.  They felt the need  to prove the actual break with colonialism. In a speech to the National Assembly on 12 November, 1956, Nkrumah argued that “The name Gold Coast … is internationally regarded not as a name but a description . J.B. Danquah appears to have  been more  concerned with devising a name for the new country.

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He suggested  “Akanland”,  and was rejected as  it created the impression that the land was inhabited only by the Akan. Afterwards, he  proposed  Akan and Galand; this was also rejected on the same basis, the only addition being the inclusion of the Ga.  He  settled on the name Ghana, with a wealth of history behind it, to which the other leading members of the independence struggle agreed.

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To start with, ancient  Ghana empire was the first to emerge in the sub-region and achieve great political status. It was because of the great military and political exploits of Ghana’s leaders that won them the title “War Chief’. The nationalist leaders were attracted by the meaning of Ghana since the new country also became “war chief” in the struggle against colonial rule in black Africa. The radical nature of the independence struggle leaders made modern Ghana the first black colony in Africa to regain independence.

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Evidences  of historical connections between the people of the ancient Ghana empire and the people of Ghana. several small kingdoms that later developed in the north of the country were ruled by nobles believed to have immigrated from ancient Ghana.  The  Akan  share similar  socio-political institutions they share with the people of ancient Ghana.  T he  ancient Ghana practised a monarchical form of government, which is found among the Akan and other tribes of Ghana. The Akan also  practise   the matrilineal system of inheritance which they are believed to have carried from ancient Ghana in their migration southwards.

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Economically,  Ghana and modern Ghana are famous for their wealth in gold and vibrant commercial activities.

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Pre-history  refers to the era or time before societies begun to reconstruct their past.  Non-written  sources serve as the main sources for studying the pre-historic period in Ghana.  Archaeology (the study of the material remains) is the dominant non-written source for reconstructing the pre-historic period in Ghana.  Kintampo  has been noted as a place for the discovery of fossils/remains of past  civilizations.

PRE-HISTORY OF GHANA: 50,000 B.C. TO AD 1700

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They  made stone tools They  hunted animals They  gathered fruits, berries and nuts. The  Hunters and Gatherers period is also known in history as the Stone Age.  The  Stone Age marks a period of prehistory in which humans used primitive stone tools.  The  Stone Age is a period in prehistory during which early humans started using stones, usually flint, to make tools and weapons.

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Early  Stone Age  (Palaeolithic era): Human beings made use of parent stones to manufacture tools. archaeologists have discovered fossil  remains  in the rivers,  Volta ,  Dayi ,  Oti  and Birim. Others too were found at  Asokrochona  near Tema.  Middle  Stone Age  (Mesolithic era): The Middle Stone age saw an improvement in technology. The people built on the tools that were used during the Early Stone Age period Late  Stone Age  (Neolithic era): This period is also known as the “Era of the Blade-tool technologist. It is considered as such because there was the manufacturing of blade tools.

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Archaeological  findings have made it known that farmer activities took place at  Ntereso ,  Hani  and  Kintampo . The  agricultural activities of the pre-historic farmers included; (a) cultivation of crops (cowpeas (beans), yam, beans  etc ) (b) rearing of animals (guinea fowls, cattle and dwarf goat) (c) fishing activities (d) hunting for animals

FIRST FARMERS AND VILLAGE BUILDERS/SETTLERS IN GHANA

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Objectives Assesses  the  origins  of the major ethnic groups  Explores  factors  that  fuelled the migration of the ethnic groups.

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An ethnic group A group of people who share a similar culture (beliefs, values, and  behaviors),  language, religion, ancestry, or other characteristic that is often handed down from one generation to the next.  The  major ethnic groups include: the  Ga, Akan, Mole  Dagbani (Mamprusi , Dagomba, Gonja and Nanumba),  Ewe  and  Guan .

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Territorial  Expansion Peace  and Security Availability  of Fertile Lands Source  of water and pasture Trading  Activities

REASONS FOR THE MIGRATION OF THE ETHNIC GROUPS

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It  covers three regions; Northern (Tamale), Upper East (Bolgatanga) and Upper West (Wa).  b . Two main groups (i) West of the White Volta  (Vagala , Sisala,  Tampullensi  and the Guan)  ( ii) East of the Volta River ( Konkomba, Nafeba and Chamba)

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No  central authority to make laws Family  heads were entrusted with the powers of making laws Each  ethnic group had an official called “Tindana”.  (owner of the land) Language  (spoke related languages) Stateless/ Acephalous   (Organised at the family and ethnic level) Religious  system (polytheism-worship of many gods )   Agricultural activities  System  of inheritance (patrilineal system)

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE NORTHERN ZONE

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Trade  (trade relations with Hausa states and Mali. Mande and Wangara traders established market centres at Begho, Bole and Wa.  Peaceful  Atmosphere Close  military alliance for instance, Yatenga and Wagadugu formed alliance to check the expansion of the Songhai Empire.  Agriculture Craft  Industry Islam

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF THE MOLE-DAGBANI KINGDOMS

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The Akan consist of Asante, Assin, Fante, Ahanta, Brong, Agona, Assin, Denkyira, Akyem, Akwamu, Akuapem and Nzema . They speak a common language, Twi or dialects of that language. In addition, they have common political and social institutions, practices, religious beliefs,  chieftaincy. J.B. Danquah and Eva  Meyerowitz  align themselves with the origin of the Akan from Western Sudan  Adu Boahen and Harry Johnson support the view that the Akan migrated from  Yorubaland  in modern Nigeria

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Another account claim that the Akan had always lived in the country. For instance, the Adanse people claim that it was in their state that the seven clans evolved. The Brong of Hani- Nsawkaw  asserts that their ancestors emerged from a hole called “Bonkese”.  The  Wenchi people claim to have emerged from a hole. The coastlands of Ghana are inhabited by the Nzema, Ahanta and Fante.  The  Fante say that they migrated from Takyiman in Brong-Ahafo under the leadership of three warlords, “Oburumankoma, Odapagyan and Oson”.

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The reasons for the late formation of larger states in the forest zone include;  The  thick forest did not well easy movement of peoples. It  did not allow easy movement of the beasts of burden, “donkey” or “camel”.  The  forests were infested with the tsetsefly. This made it difficult for the horse or donkey to survive in the environment.

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Able leaders Role  of sacred symbol Availability  of natural resources Knowledge  of Iron Technology The  introduction of firearms

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF THE FOREST STATES

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Originated from Ile-Ife in Nigeria. They arrived in Ghana in the 16th century. Migrated by either sea or the  land. The Ga consist of six groups;  Ga Mashie, Nungua, Tema, La, Osu  and  Teshie .  The  Adangbe includes;  Krobo, Ada, Shai, Osudoku, Kpone  and  Ningo .  The Ga were defeated by alliance between Agona and Akwamu in the Battle of Nyantrabi (1677). Ga came under Akwamu’s hegemony. Akwamu received ground rents of the forts at Accra.

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Political Organization [ruled  by priest “ wulomei ” ] Able  leaders  [ Ayitey   (established Ayawaso as the capital),  Owula   Mamkpon   Okai , Dede Akai and  Okai   Koi. Ga-  Akan  relations Religion Trade Contact

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Located  in the south-east of the river Volta.  Original  home Ketu, a Yoruba town [now Dahomey in Benin].  Yoruba  wars of expansion caused the Ewes to migrate to Ghana.  Moved  from Ketu to  Tado , east of the Mono River. They settled at  Nuatja  ( Notsie ).  At  Notsie , they lived in a walled town.  Notsie  was ruled by King  Agokoli . Moved from  Notsie  in the 17th century because of the wicked rule of King  Agokoli .

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a .  Anlo group : Agave, Some,  Afife , Keta,  Feny ,  Mafi ,  Tokoe  and  Tanyibe b .  Ho  group ;  Abutia ,  Akorvie ,  Takla ,  Adaklu , and  Sokode c .  Kpando ;  Gbi ,  Alavanyo ,  Leklebi ,  Ve   Dzolo ,  Akome ,  Kpedze ,  Dodome  and  Wadze

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Medicine comes from the Latin word “medicus” meaning physician. Medicine is the science and art of “diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases and injuries.  It is aimed at helping people live longer, happier and active. Herbs were used to treat diseases/illnesses by herbalists before the introduction of western or orthodox medicine.

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Through  supernatural forces [i.e. dwarfs] Through  apprenticeship Through  dreams and visions Succession/inheritance  from relatives [elderly people]

WAYS OF ACQUIRING TRADITIONAL MEDICAL PRACTICES

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malaria chicken  pox gonorrhoea dysentery headache yaws itches ulcer leprosy

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insanitary  environmental practices poor  diet sexual  contact industrial  hazards supernatural  forces [curses]

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Herbs  were used to treat diseases [leaves, roots, barks, seeds, fruits] Knowledge  of medical practices was acquired from elderly people, apprenticeship, inheritance, supernatural forces, dreams and visions. Herbalists  were men and women mostly fetish priests and priestesses Contagious  diseases were treated at the outskirt of the town [leprosy, chicken pox, small pox]. Midwives  [elderly women] were in charge of childbirth.

FEATURES OF MEDICAL PRACTICES IN PRE-COLONIAL GHANA

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Traditional  Midwives  (TM) have been involved in delivering babies, and providing a broad range of other services to women, for hundreds of  years. Traditional  birth attendants (TBAs) have rendered services to pregnant women and women in labour for a long time.

TRADITIONAL MIDWIVES [TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS-TBA]

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Traditional  midwives involved the female fraternity who specialised in midwifery.  Traditional  birth attendants acquired their knowledge from their forbearers and were considered as competent  herbalist. They provided natal care services.  Traditional  birth attendants provided post-natal  services.

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There was the use of magical rituals and formulae. Treatment of certain diseases depended on instructions from the gods, goddesses, and even the ancestors. Traditional medicine involves diviners, midwives and herbalists.  Herbalist received the power of healing by revelation either by supernatural forces or by the spirit of the ancestors. Different plants were used to treat different  diseases.

RELIGIOUS/BELIEFS IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

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Before the arrival of the Europeans in the 15th century, Ghanaian indigenous economy depended on agriculture, variety of manufacturers, hunting, trade, salt production,  bead making, gold  mining and fishing.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF PRE-COLONIAL GHANA

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Established houses/settled  life. Engaged in farming/agricultural  activities   Developed arts and crafts  knowledge   Made use of stone  tools Towns that developed in pre-historic  Ghana Begho , Bono Manso,  Elimina /Edna,  Le and Se and  Kumasi

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OBJECTIVES State  the reasons for the coming of Europeans to  Ghana Identify  the immediate effects of the coming of the Europeans.  Discuss  how the slave trade led to the creation of the African Diaspora.

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European contact with Africans generally occurred in the 15 th  century.  European contact with Ghana was made in January,  1471 Portuguese explorers called  Pedro de Escobar  and  Joan de Santarem  arrived near  Shama. In  December,  1481,  Don  Diego de Azambuja  led an expedition to build a castle at  Elmina completed  in 1482 and named  Sao Jorge da Mina , later named the  Elmina Castle .

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Kwamina Ansa, which the Europeans corrupted into  Karamansa , opposed the building of the castle initially,  but later supported it.  The Dutch provided the greatest challenge to the Portuguese monopoly in  Ghana in 1598. In 1637, the Dutch captured the Elmina Castle from the Portuguese.  In 1642 the Dutch  seized the Portuguese fort of  St. Anthony  at Axim and forced the Portuguese to leave the coast of Ghana for good.

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The  British made  their first settlement at Cape Coast. T hey  built the Cape Coast Castle in 1664 British spread their influence to  towns  like  Komenda ,  Anomabo ,  Kormantine , and  Winneba .  In 1642, the Danes arrived from Denmark.  They  built the  Christiansborg Castle  at Osu and the  Fort Prinzenstein  at Keta.  The Swedes came  in 1647.  T he  Brandenburgers from  Germany  arrived in 1682

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By 1800, all the European trading nationals had left the Ghana, except the British, Danes and the Dutch

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Portugal  benefitted  from the pioneering activities of Genoese  seamen  and  fishermen . Portugal was the first European nation to enjoy national unity . Portugal  was free  from political conflicts (Britain and France, from  1337-1435 , Dutch  and Spain in the 16 th  century).

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Portugal was free from religious conflicts and threats from the Muslim world. (Italian city-states of Genoa and Venice and Muslim North Africa over control of the Holy Places in Palestine).  The strategic position of Portugal.  Portugal had good seamen and fishermen .

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Establish trade relations with the Western  Sudanese states and the Berbers of North Africa.  The Europeans  wanted to reach India and the Far East  The  demand for slaves during the  period The need for larger markets Acquisition of raw materials because of the Industrial Revolution in Europe.

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The Europeans wanted to reduce the Muslim influence  in Africa (Muslim contact had started from North Africa).  The  Europeans decided to find and seek an alliance with the legendary  Prester John , who was a Christian King of Christian Ethiopia, to help them drive the Muslims out of  Africa The spread of Christianity Expand  the territories of the Christian Church.

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T he  colonization of new lands in  Africa Political rivalry was  a political  consideration in the advent of the Europeans in Ghana and other parts of Africa

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The construction of forts and castles on the coast of  Africa . (a). They  were to protect the European settlers from attacks by their  enemies.  (b) the forts and castles were to serve as warehouses for keeping their trading goods like gold, ivory, spices and later slaves.  Christiansborg Castle  at Osu, Fort Prinzenstein at Keta, the Cape Coast and Elmina castles, the forts at Komenda, Anomabo, Kormantine, Shama, Winneba and Moree.

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS

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