Name: Cognitive Biases
Uploaded: 2023-11-07
Duration: 7 min 34 s
Description: How to Optimize Your Statistics Pages to Earn Links.

How to Optimize Your Statistics Pages to Earn Links. 

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How to Optimize Your Statistics Pages to Earn Links

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias

X001-23	Abhishek Kumar Shukla X004-23	Anirban Chakraborty X008-23	Dharmendra Singh Yadav X010-23	Guguloth Ramesh  X011-23	Kumari Sanchana  X026-23	Soman Shaw

Batch : EMBA 2023-25  Term : I  Subject : Human Behavior at Workplace (HBW) Instructor: Prof. Gaurav Marathe Group : 05

11M
RANCHI
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT RANCHI

In the current environment of contested norms, increasing great power competition, and rapid technological change, protecting and furthering US interests requires the ability to compete effectively in the information environment (IE). In recent years, the IE has seen the proliferation of actors, channels of communication, and messages. To compete in this crowded and contested environment, we must be able to communicate effectively. Yet, the IE is complicated, available information is often vast and imperfect, time is constrained, and additionally, we are limited by our own cognitive capacity. Humans have developed several adaptations to address these cognitive limitations, including heuristics and other mental shortcuts that facilitate survival by enabling more efficient processing. Unfortunately, these same shortcuts hardwire biases into our thinking and communication, which render messaging efforts ineffective and open to manipulation by adversaries seeking to mislead or confuse. These cognitive biases can lead to inaccurate judgments and poor decision making that could trigger either unintended escalation or failures to identify threats in a timely manner.. 

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In the current environment of contested norms, increasing great power competition, and rapid technological change, protecting and furthering US interests requires the ability to compete effectively in the information environment (IE).  In recent years, the IE has seen the proliferation of actors, channels of communication, and messages.  To compete in this crowded and contested environment, we must be able to communicate effectively. Yet, the IE is complicated, available information is often vast and imperfect, time is constrained, and additionally, we are limited by our own cognitive capacity.  Humans have developed several adaptations to address these cognitive limitations, including heuristics and other mental shortcuts that facilitate survival by enabling more efficient processing. Unfortunately, these same shortcuts hardwire biases into our thinking and communication, which render messaging efforts ineffective and open to manipulation by adversaries seeking to mislead or confuse. These cognitive biases can lead to inaccurate judgments and poor decision making that could trigger either unintended escalation or failures to identify threats in a timely manner.

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 3. Human beings have two basic ways of processing information. 

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Human beings have two basic ways of processing information

One way is through deliberative logical reasoning, which requires a significant amount of high-quality information, is costly in terms of cognitive processing, and thus is rarely used.  The other way is more heuristic-based and also influenced by emotional and moral motives, as well as social influences. Heuristic-based processing is largely adaptive— enabling people to efficiently process large amounts of information and simplify their judgments. Moreover, when triggered during communication, cognitive biases may reinforce one another.  For example, failure to recognize that multiple perspectives exist may cause us to make erroneous inferences about others— making it more likely that communication will go awry. Such ineffective communication may reinforce certain cognitive biases

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 4. Bias During the communication Process. 

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Result
Initial
Conditions
The world is
complicated, and
inforrnat:ion is both
vast and imperfect.
We are often in a
hurry. and human
cognition is limited.
Adaptation
use Of
heuristics
and other
shortcuts
for
su rviva I
Cogn itive Bias
in the
communicator
INTENTIONALITY and
SOURCE of Bias
Distortion of
message on
ENCODING
Distortion of
message on
DECODING
Why do we
care ?
Effect Of Bias
info
Info framing
Info
Inaccurate judgments.
decisions.
is di ngs
Figure 1: Bias during the communication process—from initial conditions to why it matters

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 5. Types of Bias. 

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A review of relevant academic and professional literatures can return lists of several types of cognitive bias :-

Table I: Categorization Of Cognitive Biases Relevant
Distortion Of rnessage upon ENCC)DING
the
Information Environment
Distortion Of rnessage upon DECC)DING
Inforrnation
Sear
Availability bias
Negativity bias •
Optirnisrn bias*
Salience bias
Inforrnation
Presentat
Belief in a just 'World
Curse Of
E n dow•rnent effect
False consensus effect
Fundarnental attribution
Hot—cold empathy gap
Hyperbolic discounting
error
Illusion Of control
Illusory correlation •
Naive
Status quo bias
Ultirnate attribution
e rror•
Inforrnation
Authority bias
effect
Base rate fallacy
Focus i ng effect
Fra r" in g effect—
Hostile attribution bias*
Hot hand fallacy
I ngrOup—OutgrOup bias
Mere exposu re effect
Negativity bias •
O bias
Reacta nce
Reactive devaluation
Subjective validation
Infor rnation
Interpretation
Anchoring & adjustrnent bias
B a ckfi re effect
Belief bias
ief perseverance
Fr•arning effect •
Fundamental attribution error
H a 'O effect
Hostile attribution bias •
Identifiable victirn effect
Illusory correlation*
Naive realisrn•
Negativity bias*
Pluralistic ignorance
Ultirnate attribution error*
S urn bias
Note: indicates a cognitive bias can ernerge at rnultiple stages in the cornrnunication process, and is thus
assigned to rnore than one category. Bolded iterns are discussed in the body Of this paper.

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 6. Types of Biases..... 

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The objective is two-fold: to aid planners and decision makers in 
 1)  Recognizing and thus being able to counter, the intentional exploitation of cognitive biases to persuade populations; 2) Knowing which biases limit the accuracy and robustness of communications meant to inform, as well as impact how messages are received and decoded. The resulting 38 types of cognitive bias are listed in  above Table 1, categorized according to how and when they affect information processing. Intentionality, Source, and the Likelihood of Cognitive Bias Cognitive bias can occur either intentionally or unintentionally.  This intentionality influences where in the communication process message distortion occurs—that is, upon encoding or decoding.  One way to examine this issue is to explore the difference between communication whose goal is to persuade (which may in some cases intentionally aim to trigger cognitive biases) and communication whose goal is to inform (which should aim to avoid succumbing to cognitive biases but may nonetheless do so unintentionally). In both cases (i.e., attempts to inform and failed attempts at persuasion), cognitive bias in the sender can affect the search for and presentation of information, unintentionally distorting the encoding of the message that they send.

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 7. Types of Biases..... 

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55
Information
Information
Presentati on
Information
Interpretation

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 8. Cognitive Biases That Influence Message Encoding by the Sender. 

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Cognitive Biases That Influence Message Encoding by the Sender

Cognitive bias can distort how messages are encoded in one of two ways. It can affect the sender’s information search, resulting in restrictions on the search for and selection of information, or it can affect information presentation, distorting how information is construed and subsequently presented. The effects of individual cognitive biases will, moreover, be compounded if they occur together with others. Distorting the Search for Information  The tendency for people to seek out information that comes readily to mind when making judgments about the frequency or probability of future events is known as the availability bias. This common bias can distort the search for information by constraining the range of inputs used, decreasing the effectiveness of a given message.

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 9. Other examples of biases. 

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that can affect information search in ways especially relevant to operations in the information environment (OIE) are: • Confirmation bias: people search for, and focus on, information or evidence that supports a pre-existing belief, and give this evidence greater credence than information that would disconfirm their belief. • Negativity bias: a person’s psychological state is more strongly impacted by negative rather than positive information. As such, he or she may more readily notice and recall negative events, outcomes, or feelings. Distorting the Presentation of Information  The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias that describes the tendency for better-informed people to find it difficult or impossible to think about a situation from the perspective of someone who is not privy to the same information or knowledge. •  Optimism bias: people underestimate the probability of adverse or catastrophic outcomes, which can result in inadequate contingency planning and taking unnecessary risks.  • Naïve realism: people naively believe that they see the world objectively and without any bias. This leads them to believe that “rational people” will agree with their perception of the world, and that those who do not agree with them are irrational, uninformed, or biased. Implications of Message Encoding Biases for Operators and Planners  In order to minimize the effects of cognitive biases on message encoding, it is critical for operators and planners to recognize these biases as well as the triggers that cause them.

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 10. Cognitive Biases That Influence Message Decoding by the Recipient. 

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Cognitive Biases That Influence Message Decoding by the Recipient

Even when a message is encoded and transmitted as intended, cognitive bias can affect how messages intended either to persuade or inform are decoded. This creates one of two kinds of distortion.  The first affects information weighting, influencing the relative emphasis that is placed on different aspects of incoming information.  The second affects information interpretation, influencing how incoming information is understood.  Once again, the effects of individual cognitive biases will be compounded if they occur together with others. Distorting the Weighting of Information The focusing effect, 7 which causes the message recipient to place too much emphasis on one aspect of an event or issue, while neglecting other potentially important information, is a clear example of distortion of information weighting.   The focusing effect may also be compounded if combined with other weighting biases, such as the bandwagon effect (the tendency to do or believe things because many other people do or believe the same). The focusing effect is particularly likely to result in miscommunication and inaccuracy in affective forecasting—or judgments of how we will feel in the future.

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 11. Cognitive Biases That Influence Message Decoding by the Recipient….. 

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Cognitive Biases That Influence Message Decoding by the Recipient….

Policy initiatives, public health appeals, and cooperation requests provide ample opportunity for this bias. This suggests that it may be a concern in how messaging regarding US military engagement or proposed cooperation will be decoded. Recently, US adversaries seem to have purposefully exploited the focusing effect. For example, China has crafted a narrative positioning itself to potential partners as a “no strings attached” investor in their economies. Willing recipients of such investment have, however, discovered that it does in fact come with significant risks .   • Authority bias: people assume that the opinions of an authority (e.g., recognized figures, leaders, or experts) are more accurate, increasing the likelihood that a message will be accepted.     •The mere exposure effect: occurs when people come to like something more upon repeated exposure to it, resulting in a preference for familiar objects or people. In fact, one of the most commonly used metrics of effectiveness in advertising is target ratings points (TRPs), which measure the number of times a target audience is exposed to a message.

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 12. The anchoring and adjustment biases. 

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Occurs when the first information a person encounters provides an initial “anchor” that acts as a benchmark against which other information is evaluated.  • Hostile attribution bias: information from certain actors is assumed to have hostile or nefarious intent, and is therefore not trusted. If the source is viewed in this way, any messages from that source will likely be viewed with a great deal of skepticism.  • Belief perseverance: an audience continues to hold on to previous beliefs and opinions even after they have been corrected. When faced with this bias, it may be very difficult to change attitudes through information operations

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 13. References. 

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https://www.scribd.com/archive/plans?slideshare=true https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Technical_notes/acaps_technical_brief_cognitive_biases_march_2016.pdf https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1118282.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317344882_Cognitive_bias https://kevindelaplante.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cognitive-Biases-and-Their-Importance-for-Critical-Thinking.pdf https://inspectorsgeneral.glueup.com/resources/protected/organization/1254/event/26748/32586886-9587-4cd4-bad4-6ccecf0a4370.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aW35dU_ZJg

Group 5 - HBW Assignment - Cognitive Bias. 14. Thank You!. 

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Cognitive Biases

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  https://www.scribd.com/archive/plans?slideshare=true https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Technical_notes/acaps_technical_brief_cognitive_biases_march_2016.pdf https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1118282.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317344882_Cognitive_bias https://kevindelaplante.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cognitive-Biases-and-Their-Importance-for-Critical-Thinking.pdf https://inspectorsgeneral.glueup.com/resources/protected/organization/1254/event/26748/32586886-9587-4cd4-bad4-6ccecf0a4370.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aW35dU_ZJg



Cognitive Biases

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