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Outcomes and Impacts  Group 1A / 23. September 2021

Ein Bild, das Gras, Himmel, draußen, Gebäude enthält.

Automatisch generierte Beschreibung

Ein Bild, das Himmel, draußen, Tag enthält.

Automatisch generierte Beschreibung

Ein Bild, das draußen, Himmel, Stadt enthält.

Automatisch generierte Beschreibung

Audio Recording 23 сент. 2021 г., 11:00:10

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How did the CEERE states came to be involved in World War II? How did the war’s outcomes impact CEERE societies? How did the populations' memory and state representations of World War II influence contemporary CEERE societies?

Audio Recording 23 сент. 2021 г., 11:02:36

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1.  How did the CEERE states came to be involved in World War II?   (1939-1940)

I rredentism  is understood as a group seeking to join with another, whether it be transnational ethnic kin divided between states, but a minority in both, or a state attempting to “retrieve” ethnic kin of the majority residing in another state.

Countries
Motivations
Position back to WWI
Agressors
Hungary, Romania,
Bulgaria, USSR, Slovakia
Irredentism (except USSR),
expansionism, economic..
Losers
Non aggressors
Baltics, Yugoslavia,
Poland
They all concluded non-
aggression pacts w/
invaders
Winners

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Main reasons to get involved in war: Territorial claims (Hungary and Romania); Economic motivation (Hungary’s trade ties with Germany); Irridentism (applies to most of the countries); Imperial & ideological ambitions       (Nazi Germany and the USSR)

23 August 1939  - Signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , officially known as the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Lesson from the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact: Strong institutions are vital for small countries

Signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact   Moscow,  1939 Source:  www.thenewfederalist.eu

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division of Central Europe
according to Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Actual territorial changes
1939-1940
4
Soviet Union
Germany
Other countries and territories
Finland
Free City
f Dana
huani
Poland
1939
1940
East Prussia
Soviet sphere Of influence
German sphere of influence
National borders as Of 1939
planned Borders
Soviet republic
borders as of 1939
Annexed
by the Soviet union
Annexed by Germany
Occupied by Germany
National borders as of 1940
National borders as of 1938
Finland
0
ssia
Vilnius
Region
Salla
4
Karelia
Estonian
SSR
Fuss
SF
Lithuanian
SSR
Czech
ukrainia
SSR
Latvian
SSR
S uwalki
Tiangle
General
Govemment
Protectorate
of Bohemia
and Moravia
Romania
g OS/OL4a
Bessarabia
Soviet republic borders as Of 1940
90s,GLfe
Byelorussian
SSR
Uk ainian
Romania
Moldavian
SSR

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How did the CEERE states came to be involved in World War II?   (1939-1940)

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Timeline of the CEERE countries being involved into the  war.

n
se t.
1939
1940
om
1941
a was conque
az ermany cxcupa on
941 _1944
olotov-Ribbentrop Pa
.08.1939
lovakia invaded Pola
et troops inva Po
mania's e
ßoviet-Estonian Mutual Assistance Trea
28.09.1939
the war (Soviet ultimatu
ul aria signed the Axis Tripartite Pa
itler launche an invasion
n a sentry into the war
cs
1942
e Soviet Uni
om ing Kass

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Two tendencies amongst the aggressors: Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and the USSR were driven by irredentism and expansionism. Bulgaria, Slovakia – became Nazi puppet-states.  Non-aggressors:  independent states after WW1,  were involved in WW2 as attacked and re-occupied territories.

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2. How did the war’s outcomes impact CEERE societies?

Patterns
Falling under
totalitarianism/Stalinism
Homogenization of
nations and redrawing of
borders
Countries
Baltics
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Baltics
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Ukraine
Belarus
Russia
Caucasus
Yug(EIavia
from a centralist
Serb-led Kingdom
into a
Communist-led federated
Yugoslavia
Central Asia
The Central Asian republics
were the destination for
millions of peoples
and nations during and shortly
after WWII. this influenced
the multi-ethnic composition
of the Central Asian republic
Yugoslavia
very diverse ethnic
composition of the country, the
opposite of homogenisation
(Serbs, Bosnians)

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P oland -  communist totalitarianism by 1948; Czechoslovakia -  The reunification of Czechia and Slovakia and implementation of a Soviet communist totalitarianism by 1946; Bulgaria –  communist regime and rapid modernization and urbanization;

Eastern Europe  – Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova under the Soviet Union (forced collectivization and sovietization); Persecution of Moldovans who opposed the Soviet Regime); The Balitic States  – sovietization, forced collectivization, disperse of the elites  (purge in Estonian Communist Party in 1950).

’ The  captain  of Soviet Land  leads   us   from   victory   to   victory ’ Source :  www.svoboda.org

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Homogenization of Nations and Redrawing the Borders.

Poland  -  Homogenization and relocation of Poland, Forced displacements and resettlements of people, Deportations of Germans from Silesia/other minorities from the South-Eastern regions Czechoslovakia  - Rigorous de-Germanization of the Sudetenland in the form of deportations between 1945 and 1947 Eastern Europe  -   Redrawing borders of Belarusian and Ukrainian Soviet socialist republics, Uniting all ethnic territories belonging to Ukrainian and Belarussians Caucasus –   ethnic cleansing, massive deportations to central Asia

Expulsion of Sudeten Germans following the end of World War II

Expulsion of Sudeten Germans following the end of  WW II  Source:  Authority /  Forrás :  Sudetendeutsche  Stiftung

Deportations  in  Caucasus .  Source :  www.themoscowtimes.com

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Baltic States  -  mass deportations to Siberia (March 1949 with 'Operation  Priboi ’ (see table below) and on 14 June 1941), Russian as a compulsory language in school, Different ethnicities fleeing abroad (Jews, Baltic Germans, Estonian Swedes….) Yugoslavia  -  transformation from a centralist Serb-led Kingdom into  a Communist-led Yugoslavian Federation. Establishing their own communist movement, often in opposition to the totalitarian Soviet Union

TABLE 3. DEPORTEES OF MARCH 1949 DIVIDED BY AGE, SEX AND NATIONALITY106
State
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Total
Echelons
19
33
24
76
Families
7471
14,173
8985
30,629
People
20,480
41,708
28,656
90,844
4566
11,135
8929
24,630
Women
9866
19,535
11,287
40,688
Children
6048
11,038
8440
25,526

‘ The Deportation Operation “ Priboi ” in 1949’,  Aigi   Rahi -Tamm, Andres Kaha, 2009

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Heavy industri a lization ; Increase in working class; Economic growth;

uzbekistan art craft small group tours, uzbekistan sculpture Dmitry Ryabichev, uzbek blacksmith orphans WWII

The  Shamakhmudov  family who adopted 15 children  1940s, Tashkent Source: Uzbek Journeys

Destination for millions of deported peoples and nations; Multi-ethnic composition of the Central Asian republics.

Photo review: Soviet propaganda, tamed with time | Eurasianet

Cotton Production in Uzbekistan. Source:  www.  eurasianet.org

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In the  Soviet orbit - the Baltic States, Northern and Southern Central Europe as well as parts of Eastern Europe All experienced Sovietization, Stalinism and totalitarian rule  Homogenisation and limited cultural practice Exception: Yugoslavia with its own federation and Central Asia with ethnic diversification and economic boost

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3.  How did the populations' memory and state representations of World War II influence contemporary CEERE societies?

Audio Recording 23 сент. 2021 г., 09:33:55

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European part -  strong collective understanding of their national identity, a yearning for independence, the development of patriotic/nationalist tendencies Russia -  refers to WW2 as to the Great Patriotic War and uses it as a nation reuniting tool Caucasus and Central Asia -  remain co-dependent with Russia these days but attempt to find their own way of self-development.

The Immortal Regiment.  A  massive civil event staged in major cities in Russia and around the world every 9 May during the Victory Day celebrations. Source:  www.bbc.com

Бессмертный полк&quot;: откуда появились брошенные плакаты - BBC News Русская  служба

Audio Recording 23 сент. 2021 г., 10:07:09

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Populations’ memory  ( in the context of WW2)-  collective remembering of WW2 particularities that affected the CEERE societies and is being passed on from generation to generation through retelling.

European part of CEERE: European nations of the CEERE region mostly see themselves as victims of aggression and injustices from Nazi Germany and the USSR, often brushing over the fact that some nations collaborated with Nazi Germany at some point Russia, Central Asia, most of Caucasus: In contrast, in Russia, Central Asia and most of the Caucasus, nations are more likely to celebrate the Victory Day, commemorating the heroism of the Red Army and contribution of Soviet people

Audio Recording 23 сент. 2021 г., 10:17:29

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All the states of the CEERE region were involved in the WW II By the end of WW II all CEERE states fell into the Eastern  Bloc       Exception: Yugoslavia formed its own Socialist Federation Formation of a new type of statehood in the majority of the CEERE regions Decades-long period of occupation and totalitarian rule in the majority of the CEERE regions Suppressed independence as well as cultivation of their cultures and traditions The legacy of WW2 remains a highly emotional topic in all contemporary societies Populations’ memories are frequently co-opted by political actors to achieve or legitimize their goals.

WW2 and the post-WW2 Soviet Era

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