GRADE 4.1 SCIENCE KEY

[Audio] Good morning everyone. I am pleased to present a comprehensive overview of the Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2551 (Revised Edition B.E. 2560). We will be taking a closer look at the various topics, from discussing the classification of living things to exploring the states of matter and the solar system. I hope this presentation will help us gain a deeper understanding of the material that is being taught in our schools. Let's begin..

[Audio] Classification of Living Things is discussed in chapter one with exercises at section one and three. Plants are covered in chapter two with exercises at section thirteen. Animals is discussed in chapter three with exercises at section twenty six. Materials are discussed in chapter four with exercises at section thirty five. States of Matter are discussed in chapter five with exercises at section fifty four. Gravitational Force is discussed in chapter six with exercises at section sixty three. Light is discussed in chapter seven with exercises at section seventy one, and the Solar System is discussed in chapter eight with exercises at section eighty three. There is a term test one at section forty three and term test two at section ninety three..

[Audio] Classification of living things is an important concept in natural sciences as it allows us to place organisms into groups and understand their properties and habits. Autotrophs are organisms that are capable of producing their own food, with examples being plants like lotus, banana, and fern plants. Heterotrophs, on the other hand, rely on other organisms for their food, with examples being animals like lions, tigers, and elephants. Mobile organisms are capable of moving from one place to another, with examples being animals like fish, birds, and rabbits. Immobile organisms, on the other hand, are not able to move from one place to another, and include plants like grass, trees, and mosses. As such, understanding the classification of living things plays an essential role in comprehending the natural world..

[Audio] We will examine the various classifications of living organisms. Animals need to consume other living things to survive, and are labeled heterotrophs. Herbivores rely solely on plants for nutrition, whereas carnivores only eat other animals. Omnivores consume both plants and animals. Additionally, we have fungi, bacteria, and algae, all of which are living, but differ greatly. Fungi are unable to photosynthesize, while bacteria are too small to discern without magnification and algae, like plants, can photosynthesize, but don't have common plant parts such as stems, roots, and leaves. As examples, sheep are herbivores, cheetahs are carnivores, and dogs are omnivores..

[Audio] Classifying living things, plants are immobile organisms able to create their own food through photosynthesis. Animals are mobile and feed on other living things or plants, depending on their type - herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. Fungi are immobile and lack the capability to photosynthesize. Bacteria are too small to be seen without a microscope, and can be either beneficial or harmful. Algae are similar to plants in that they are immobile and carry out photosynthesis, but lack stems, roots, or leaves..

[Audio] Providing an example on classifying living things by their diets, herbivores feed only on plants, carnivores feed only on other animals while omnivores feed on both plants and animals. Grouping the animals according to what they eat helps to understand the basic classifications of living things. This concept is part of the revised Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2560 which covers topics on living things, plants, animals, materials, states of matter, gravitational force, light and the solar system..

[Audio] Slide presentation outlining the Classification of Living Things revealed that in question 6, the correct answer is A, Rabbit, as they feed on plants. Question 7 is correctly answered with D, Vegetables, as they are able to make their own food through photosynthesis like green plants and algae, which is the answer to question 8. Question 9 is answered correctly with A, as it can be called a decomposer, as it feeds on dead and decaying matter. As for question 10 the correct answer is D, Caterpillar, as they are herbivorous animals, consuming only vegetables and plants. This knowledge can assist in comprehension of the Classification of Living Things..

[Audio] Classification of living things is an interesting science topic. While each species has its own attributes and characteristics, they can largely be divided into groups based on their diets. Heterotrophs are animals that feed on other living things and an example of a heterotroph is a lion. Omnivores, on the other hand, feed on a combination of plants and animals, with a rat being a prominent example. Herbivores, such as zebras, horses, and sheep, only feed on plants..

[Audio] Two main categories of the four living things shown in the diagrams are plants and animals. Plants such as the rice plant and coconut tree can produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis, obtaining energy from sunlight. On the other hand, animals such as the eagle and chicken feed on other living things and are mobile. The third category includes microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and algae..

[Audio] Plants can be divided into two main groups, flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Non-flowering plants, such as mosses, ferns and conifers, reproduce using spores or cones. Mosses possess small stems and tiny, but no true roots. Ferns have stem, leaves and roots, and reproduce with the help of spores. Lastly, conifers produce cones for reproducing. The classification of plants is an essential topic to understand, as it gives us insight into the evolution of life..

[Audio] Plants are essential to our environment providing food, oxygen and shelter, whilst regulating the climate. Conifers have needle-like leaves and cones for reproduction, whilst flowering plants have two types of root system - taproots with a large, thick main root and smaller ones, and fibrous roots with many thin, branching ones. The stem transports water, minerals and food, comprising of xylem for transporting water and minerals and phloem to transfer food to and from the leaves. Photosynthesis, enabled by chlorophyll, occurs in the leaves and is further aided by the presence of stomata - allowing carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor to pass in and out. As well as leaves, flowering plants have flowers and produce fruit and seeds..

[Audio] Flowers have a main purpose of reproduction, and are composed of several parts that help it achieve this purpose. These parts include sepals, petals, stamens, pistils and ovules. Sepals protect the flower before it is fully opened, petals attract pollinating animals with colour and scent, stamens contain the male gametes inside the pollen grains, while pistils have four components - the stigma, style, ovary and ovule - with the stigma being sticky and trapping the pollen grains and the style supporting the stigma. The ovary holds the female gametes in the form of ovules. Furthermore, stomata of leaves play a role in transpiration, the process of releasing water vapour by the plant..

[Audio] Discussing plants and the different ways they reproduce, we'll look at four different types: X and Z, flowering plants; Y, a fern; and W with needle-like leaves. Flowering plants reproduce by both seeds and spores, ferns solely by spores, and X and Z through seeds. By the end of the discussion, students should have a better understanding of plant reproduction..

[Audio] Labeled in the diagram, the hibiscus flower parts are composed of the male reproductive part, consisting of the anther and filament, and the female reproductive part, made up of the stigma, style, ovary, and ovule. Not all plants have the male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. Male gametes are found in the anther and female gametes in the ovule. Petals' purpose is to attract insects and animals to pollinate the flower, while sepals act as a protective covering while the flower is still in its bud stage..

[Audio] The classification of plants exercise requires matching each part of the flower with its correct name and statement. Moss and fern are two examples of the plants provided in the diagrams. Both of them are categorized into the group of non-flowering plants. Petal receives pollen grains, filament contains ovules, ovary contains pollen grains, stigma holds the anther up in the flower, and the anther is usually brightly colored..

[Audio] Plants are an essential part of our environment. Science Prathomsuksa 4 teaches us about the various kinds of plants, from ferns and moss to conifers and flowering plants. We can divide them up according to various characteristics such as the way they reproduce and their structure. Ferns generate spores on their leaves' undersides and their reproductive organs consist of a female pistil and a male stamen. The ovules are located within the ovary and pollen grains contain male gametes. The xylem is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots, while the phloem takes food from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Guard cells help control the opening and closing of stomata, which are tiny holes in the leaves' surfaces. Photosynthesis is the process of transforming sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into food and oxygen in plants, and transpiration is the loss of water from plants. An example of a plant with a different reproduction system is the conifer, which reproduces through seeds, usually encased in cones. Moss and ferns reproduce through spores, whereas flowering plants generate flowers. The main distinction between moss, ferns and flowering plants is that only flowering plants create flowers..

[Audio] Root systems are an essential part of plants. In this slide, two main types are seen: Taproot and Fibrous. Examples of Taproot plants are mango tree and rose plant. These roots' main function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil. Recognizing the type of root system of a plant is important for proper care..

[Audio] Plants play an essential role in our lives and ecosystems and students should learn the importance of plants, as well as the basic functions of their parts and processes. The slide discussed includes mastery practice questions and objective questions which focus on important features of plants such as reproduction, transpiration, xylem and phloem, stomata and photosynthesis. Having an understanding of these concepts is key to developing scientific inquiry skills that can help students become lifelong learners..

[Audio] The diagram shows a structure found mostly on a leaf of a plant. X and Y represent the stoma and the guard cells which regulate the opening and closing of the stoma; the stoma acts like a door, allowing the plant to take in the carbon dioxide it needs for photosynthesis and to release oxygen, as well as water vapour from the plant. The guard cells, on the other hand, are like hinges on this door, opening and closing the stoma, allowing gases to move in and out of the leaf. Roots are specialized underground structures that absorb water and minerals from the soil, and leaves are photosynthetic organs designed to convert light energy into chemical energy, while flowers produce seeds. B, 'It reproduces by seeds' is not true about the plant shown in the diagram..

[Audio] Plants play an important role in ecology, with Plant A possessing a flower and Plant B having a cone. Flowers are reproductive structures whereas the cone belongs to non-flowering plants. Plant A primarily transports water, minerals and food, while Plant B creates spores and cones. Not only do non-flowering plants such as mosses, ferns and conifers create a space for living creatures, but also play a role in the food chain. Gaining an understanding of different types of plants, their characteristics and reproductive methods helps to improve awareness and appreciation of the environment..

[Audio] Plants are essential to a healthy natural environment. This chapter examines the features of plants and their root systems. Plant A has flowers, whereas Plant B has leaves of varied shapes and sizes. Both plants use chlorophyll to capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Two types of root systems are found within two plant categories; X and Y. Examples of those in X are wheat, carrot, bamboo plant, mango tree, banana plant, and oak tree. Y has the fibrous root system and the taproot system. Roots of plants help absorb water and minerals from the soil, and lend structural support. We now have better knowledge in regards to plants and their root systems..

[Audio] The diagram here shows the various parts of a flower - petal, sepal, anther, filament and ovary. The anther and filament form the male reproductive organ of the flower. On top of the style is the stigma, which receives the pollen grains. The style serves as its support. The ovules and ovary house the female gametes..

[Audio] This chapter of the Basic Education Curriculum focuses on the classification of animals. Animals are divided into two broad categories, vertebrates and invertebrates, based on the presence or absence of a backbone or vertebrae. Vertebrates comprise fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, while invertebrates include cnidarians, sponges, roundworms, flatworms, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms and arthropods. We will examine the various characteristics of these animal species and how they are divided into different categories. Additionally, we will look at the anatomy of vertebrates, like the backbone in a horse..

[Audio] Animals are an integral part of the natural world, with a wide range of shapes, sizes and abilities. This chapter will look at some of the main branches of the animal kingdom. Sponges are characterized by hollow tubes with plentiful pores, generally living in the sea. Cnidarians have tentacles to aid their feeding. Annelids are segmented worms, while roundworms have a seamless, slim circular body and flatworms have a soft, unsegmented body. Echinoderms are equipped with spines of varying sizes. Mollusks are soft-bodied, non-segmented invertebrates, often sporting shells, with squid as one example. Finally, arthropods feature segmented bodies, jointed limbs and an exoskeleton, a form of external skeleton which helps to defend them. Examining these groupings helps us to gain a better understanding of how animals interact and thrive in the natural world..

[Audio] Vertebrates are classified into five major groups: fish, reptiles, mammals, amphibians and birds. Amphibians are cold-blooded animals with moist skin and breathe through their lungs and skin. They lay their eggs, in jelly-coated shells, in the water but don't provide care for their eggs or young. Birds are warm-blooded with two legs, a pair of wings and a beak. They breathe with their lungs and are covered with feathers, mostly able to fly. They lay eggs with hard shells and take care of their eggs and their young. Fishes are also cold-blooded animals living in water, with slimy scales, fins, a tail and a streamlined body. Most reproduce by laying eggs. Reptiles are cold-blooded with hard, dry and scaly skin. The majority live on land, breathe with their lungs, lay eggs with tough leathery shells but don't provide care for their young. Mammals are warm-blooded animals with mammary glands to feed their young milk, breathe with their lungs and are covered with hair or fur. After giving birth to their young, they provide care for them. This is a brief overview of the major groups of vertebrates..

[Audio] Animals can be divided into two main categories - vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates are animals that have backbones, like mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish. Invertebrates, on the other hand, are animals without backbones, like mollusks, sponges, annelids, cnidarians, arthropods, flatworms, and echinoderms. We can further classify vertebrates and invertebrates into more specialized classes. For instance, sponges are invertebrates with hollow tubes with many pores, while cnidarians include jellyfish and sea anemones. The chart in the slide outlines the classifications of animals. To help us better understand the different types of animals, there are several exercises. The first exercise asks you to complete the chart to show the various types of animals. The second exercise asks you to answer questions related to animal classification. Doing these exercises should give us a better knowledge of the different types of animals and their classifications..

[Audio] This slide discusses the differences between annelids and roundworms, mollusks, and the characteristic of a particular type of mollusk. It also outlines the types of animals classified as fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds, with associated characteristics such as the type of skin, breathing mechanisms, and reproductive methods. Finally, the slide presents a series of statements that the student needs to identify as true or false..

[Audio] Animals listed here - swordfish, pigeon, frog, crocodile, monkey, goat, lizard and goldfish - can be characterized by their cold-blooded/warm-bloodedness, breathing (lungs/gills), having fins, hard, dry and scaly skin, feathers, and whether they give birth to their young or lay eggs. Cold-blooded animals include swordfish, frog, crocodile, lizard and goldfish while warm-blooded animals are pigeon, monkey and goat. Animals breathing with lungs are pigeon, frog (adult), crocodile, monkey, goat and lizard with swordfish, frog (young) and goldfish breathing with gills. Swordfish and goldfish have fins and crocodile and lizard have hard, dry and scaly skin. Only pigeons have feathers and the animals which give birth to their young are the monkey and goat. Those animals which lay eggs with hard shells are pigeons and the other animals (swordfish, pigeon, frog, crocodile, lizard and goldfish) reproduce by laying eggs..

[Audio] Exploring the diversity of animals on Earth, we find cnidarians such as jellyfish and sea anemones using tentacles for feeding; mollusks such as snails and clams with shells for protection; arthropods possessing segmented body and jointed legs along with exoskeleton; flatworms with soft, unsegmented body; hookworms as a type of unsegmented worm; annelids such as earthworms and leeches with their body composed of rings; echinoderms like starfish with spines of various lengths; fish and amphibians being cold-blooded animals with scales on their body; reptiles and amphibians with ability to live on both land and in water; fish and amphibians reproducing by laying eggs and birds, reptiles and mammals with mammary glands; lastly, whales and dolphins classified as mammals and breathing with lungs..

[Audio] Animals have a wide range of shapes and sizes, falling into two main groups - vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone or spinal column while invertebrates have none. Vertebrates can be further classified into four separate groups - fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals - each with their own distinctive features. Invertebrates are divided into cnidarians, annelids, echinoderms, mollusks, arthropods, and flatworms. To identify and classify animals, it's important to understand their unique characteristics as well as identify them based on objective questions. For example, vertebrates are identified by the presence of the backbone and vertebrates are divided into fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Invertebrates can be identified by their presence or absence of the backbone, and include jellyfish, prawns, centipedes, and sea anemones. Such knowledge of animal classification offers insight into the vast diversity of the animal kingdom..

[Audio] A comparison of animals can be seen in this slide, highlighting the characteristics that distinguish birds from mammals. Birds have feathers, are cold-blooded, and breathe through their skin. In contrast, mammals have hair or fur, are warm-blooded, and breathe through their lungs. Additionally, birds have two legs, while mammals have four..

[Audio] Slide 35 focuses on Chapter 3 from Science Prathomsuksa 4 which is about animals. We will be going over examples of animals, their anatomical features, and how to classify them. Let's start with a question: what’s an example of an animal that can fly? The answer is the eagle. Next, we’re given three animals: an Earthworm, a Duck, and a Fish. Firstly, we can name the animals. And then, we can ask which of the animals have backbones - the Duck and the Fish. These animals would fall under the classification of “vertebrates”. On the other hand, the Earthworm has no backbone, and we can classify this animal as an “invertebrate”. Next, we can ask which of these animals is cold-blooded. Both the Earthworm and the Fish are cold-blooded animals. Finally, we can ask which animals has lungs and can breathe in air, and that would be the Duck. Lastly, the Fish has scales on its body. And that’s it for Slide 35!.

[Audio] Fourth grade science focuses on materials and the properties that make them suitable for certain uses. Hardness, elasticity, heat conductivity, and electrical conductivity are among the properties discussed. Hardness refers to a material's ability to resist scratches, while elasticity allows an object to return to its original shape and size after being stretched. Heat conductivity measures how easily heat can pass through a material, and electrical conductivity gauges how well electricity is able to flow through it. The selection of materials for particular tasks is based on how well these properties suit the desired function. Rubber bands, for instance, are chosen due to their elasticity..

[Audio] Comparing the hardness of a knife and a wooden ruler, with the knife being harder, we can determine that the knife can conduct heat and electricity while the rubber band and wooden ruler are heat insulators. Examining the diagrams of the objects we can also identify the parts of the objects that are electrical conductors and electrical insulators, allowing us to gain a better understanding of the basics of electricity..

[Audio] Learning about materials can be beneficial for our everyday lives. Rubber bands are made of elastic rubber, jackets with cotton, tiles have hard surfaces, pots with metal, and electrical wires are wrapped in plastic for safety. Examples of materials we interact with every day include rubber bands, jackets, tiles, cooking pots and electrical wires. Being aware of the properties of these materials can help us to use and benefit from them..

[Audio] Focus on the mastery practice questions and the objective questions for this slide. Mastery practice questions are designed to test your understanding of Science Prathomsuksa 4 material. Objective questions are for gauging your grasp of the learnt material. Read the questions carefully and select the correct answer for best results..

[Audio] This slide focuses on the various materials and how to test and compare their properties. Plastic electrical wire is cheaper than rubber, can keep its size and shape, and is a good insulator. Coins are unable to scratch aluminum foil, while a pair of scissors can be tested for hardness. Object X is not harder than object Y, while object Z is harder than both..

[Audio] Comparison of how quickly each of the four spoons shown in the diagram will heat up can be made based on the materials they are made from. Metal is a good conductor of heat, so it will heat up quickly, whereas plastics and wood are poor conductors of heat, so they will heat up more slowly. This knowledge can be taken into account when selecting materials for cooking and other activities..

[Audio] Materials can be divided into two categories: heat conductors and heat insulators. Metals such as iron and aluminum are usually good conductors of heat, while materials like wood, porcelain and plastic are commonly used as good insulators of heat. In terms of hardness, iron nails are the hardest. Rubbers bands, in contrast, can lose their elasticity, meaning they cannot return to their original shape and size after stretching. Knowing the physical properties of materials can help us make better decisions and use materials more efficiently..

[Audio] Students in this experiment use a variety of materials to determine if they are electrical conductors or insulators. A successful result is confirmed when the bulb lights up, revealing that the object is an electrical conductor. Examples of electrical conductors are object Y, paper clip, metal spoon, and coin..

[Audio] The Term Test 1 consists of two sections - Section A and Section B. Section A consists of 60 marks worth of questions. Question 1 wants to know why plants are called autotrophs - the correct answer is C, as they can make their own food. Question 2 asks which of the following animals are omnivores - the answers are A Lions, B Elephants, C Chickens, and D Cows. Question 3 is about the diagrams showing bacteria and mucor - the answer is D, decomposers. Question 4 asks which of the following animals is a herbivore - the answer is B Giraffe. Finally, question 5 asks which of the following cannot carry out photosynthesis - the answer is A Mushroom..

[Audio] Questions in this slide cover a wide range of concepts surrounding the classification of living things, from animals and plants to particular species and their characteristics. First item inquires which of the following structures make up the male reproductive parts of a flower. Second item probes identification of vertebrates. Third item assesses characteristics of a particular species. Fourth item inquires relating a group to its corresponding characteristics. Fifth question tests knowledge of animals with shells. Last item helps the learner to distinguish between reptiles and amphibians..

[Audio] Students are asked four questions about the classification of living things, materials and the physical properties of materials in this slide. These questions are designed to assess their comprehension about the science subjects presented in the Basic Education Curriculum BE 2551 (Revised Edition BE 2560). It is essential for students to remember and explain details from these matters so they can understand and utilize them later..

[Audio] The principles of electricity and insulation are tested in this term test. Plastic is used to insulate electrical wires for safety and heat protection. Different materials such as iron nail, copper wire, steel fork, and plastic bottles all possess distinct properties. Metal screws are harder than erasers. Wool, being a heat insulator, is employed to make clothes, keeping us warm. Understanding materials and their properties is key to answering the questions in this term test accurately..

[Audio] Organisms are classified as either autotrophs or heterotrophs. Autotrophs can make their own food, while heterotrophs must feed on other organisms. Animal A is a herbivore and only eats plant material. Animal B is a carnivore and only eats animal material. Animal C is an omnivore and eats both animal and plant material. All three animals are mobile while Plant D is not..

[Audio] Discussing the components of the hibiscus flower and the function of each component, the diagram on the slide illustrates the anatomy of a hibiscus flower. The female reproductive system is composed of the stigma - trapping pollen grains -, the style - supporting the stigma - and the ovary - containing ovules. The male reproductive system on the other hand, consists of the anther - containing pollen grains -, and the filament - holding the anther up in the flower. Petal of the flower serves the purpose of attracting insects and other animals for pollinating the flower..

[Audio] Animals are classified in the table above based on the presence or absence of a backbone. Group A is comprised of Invertebrates, such as Jellyfish, Oyster, Crab, and Spider, while Group B is made up of Vertebrates, such as Fish, Frogs and Lizards. Oysters and Crabs protect their bodies with a Shell and Exoskeleton respectively and all Vertebrates are cold-blooded animals that lay eggs. Additionally, Frogs and Lizards can breathe with lungs, while Jellyfish, Oysters, Crabs and Fish can live in water..

[Audio] In this lecture, we will be discussing the concept of hardness and how it applies to different materials. Hardness can be defined as a material's ability to resist scratches. To demonstrate, let's use a steel ruler to scratch aluminum foil, wooden ruler, and eraser. Scratch marks are left behind on all three objects. However, when the steel ruler is used to scratch glass, no scratch marks are left. This indicates that glass is harder than the steel ruler. We can also compare the hardness between the steel ruler and the wooden ruler. The steel ruler is harder than the wooden ruler. Further, if an object X is scratched by the steel ruler and no marks are left behind, it means that object X is harder than the steel ruler. Additionally, only the steel ruler and aluminum foil can conduct electricity and heat. We hope this has provided you with a better understanding of the concept of hardness..

[Audio] Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and this chapter focuses on it as well as its states and how to measure them. There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, which is typically measured in grams or kilograms, while volume is the amount of space taken up by an object, typically measured in cubic centimeters, milliliters or liters. To measure mass, a lever balance or an electronic balance can be used, with calibration weights to determine the mass of an object. To measure volume of liquid, a measuring cylinder or a syringe can be used. This chapter will help us learn more about the concept of matter and its states..

[Audio] Matter can exist in three different states: solid, liquid, or gas. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, while liquids have no fixed shape and flow to take the shape of its container. Gases, on the other hand, depend on the shape of its container, with particles far apart from one another. Solid particles are closely packed, liquid particles are close together, but not as close as solids. This is essential information for any student of Prathomsuksa 4 science..

[Audio] We discuss the states of matter. In the activity part of the slide, we compare the masses of three objects, X, Y and Z, finding that Z has the greatest mass, and that the arrangement of the objects based on the masses in ascending order is Y, X, Z. In the diagrams part of the slide we see the arrangement of particles of a matter in the different states of matter, which are Solid, Gas and Liquid..

[Audio] Particles of solids are closely packed and arranged in a fixed position, they have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. A book is a good example of an object with similar properties to a solid. Liquids have particles that are free to move, they have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape and are difficult to compress. Gases have particles that can move freely in all directions, are not in a fixed position and can be compressed..

[Audio] We can observe three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Solids have a fixed shape and volume and cannot be compressed; the particles are closely packed and vibrate in a fixed position, with ice and rocks as examples. Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume, and they also cannot be compressed; the particles are quite close together and they are free to move, such as with water. Gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed easily; the particles are far apart and move freely and randomly, with steam as an example..

[Audio] This slide is about States of Matter from Prathomsuksa 4, where mastery practice questions can be found. The correct answers for the questions are as follows: question 1 is B: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, question 2 is A: Rose, question 3 is A: Water, question 4 is D: Gas, Liquid and Solid, question 5 is B: Water, and question 6 is B: Has a fixed volume. Understanding States of Matter is important to Prathomsuksa 4..

[Audio] Solids have a fixed shape and volume, meaning that the shape and size of a solid remains unchanged regardless of external conditions. They cannot be compressed easily, so when a force is applied, the shape and size of a solid does not change. Liquids and gases, however, have no fixed shape or volume, so their shape and size can be easily changed depending on external conditions. Liquids can be compressed, while gases are not able to be compressed..

[Audio] Particles of matter can be found in three states: liquid, solid, and gas. Water is an example of a liquid, an aluminum rod is a solid, and air is a gas. Liquids have no fixed shape, whereas solids do, and the particles in a liquid are free to move around, while particles in a solid are confined to vibrate in one position. Gas particles move the fastest, while particles in a solid are much more tightly packed together. Knowing the features of these three states of matter is an essential part of Science Prathomsuksa 4..

[Audio] In this chapter, we will discuss states of matter. A state of matter is the physical form of a substance, such as solid, liquid and gas. Everyday items like water, air and rocks can be found in different states of matter. Scientists use instruments like a lever balance or electronic balance to measure the mass of an object, proving that gases also have mass. To measure the volume of liquids and gases, a measuring cylinder can be used. When reading the volume of water, it is important to observe the eye position of the measuring cylinder at a horizontal level. The SI unit for measuring liquid volumes is millilitres (ml), though other units like cubic centimetres (cm3) and litres (l) can also be used..

[Audio] Gravitational force is a fundamental force of nature, one of the four fundamental forces alongside electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. It is the force of attraction between two objects that is proportional to their masses - the greater the mass, the greater the gravitational force. Weight is the measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object, usually measured in Newtons and can be determined with the use of a spring balance or compression balance. Gravitational force affects the motion of all objects on and beyond Earth, influencing both the objects with greater mass and celestial bodies in the solar system and beyond. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the nature of gravitational force to gain insight into the motion and behavior of our universe..

[Audio] Gravitational force is an essential concept in science, one that draws all objects towards the center of the Earth. Measuring this force requires specific instruments, such as the spring balance used to measure weight, compression balance to measure weight and electronic balance to measure mass. Mass is a quantity of matter that can be measured in kilograms, while weight is measured in Newtons and is a reflection of the gravitational force acting on the object. The mass of an object will be the same wherever it is, but its weight can vary depending on the force acting on it. The more matter an object has, the greater its mass and gravitational force will be..

[Audio] Gravitational force is a physical phenomenon that affects many everyday activities. It acts upon anything that has mass. Gravity is an invisible force that pulls objects towards each other. On earth, things with mass are pulled towards the ground, causing them to fall. Waterfalls and other forms of moving water are affected by gravity, as the water flows down the channels created by its force. Footballs, skiers and other objects on the ground are also affected by gravity, as they are pulled towards the ground. In space, gravity still exists. Astronauts experience little or no gravity, as they are far from the centre of the Earth’s gravity, allowing them to ‘float’ in space. It is important to understand the basics of gravitational force for science prathomsuk 4. On the Moon, an object with a mass of 1 kilogram will weigh 10 Newton. On Earth the mass of a man is 64 kg and his weight is 640 Newton. The more mass an object has, the harder it is to move. Mass is related to weight, as the mass of a object is the amount of matter in the object. To measure the mass or weight of an object, a compression balance may be used. This measures the amount of force required to move an object or support its weight. Understanding gravitational force is crucial to understanding the world around us..

[Audio] Gravitational force is a ubiquitous phenomenon that acts on all objects in the universe. It is responsible for the movement of planets, moons, and galaxies, and is the force that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth and other large masses, resulting in the ocean tides. The Newton (N) is the unit of measure used to measure weight. To assess weight, we use a spring balance. In this chapter, we will uncover the various characteristics and effects of gravitational force. We will examine how it affects the size, weight, and shape of objects. We will further analyze the differences between gravitational force and other forces such as friction and pushing force. Finally, we will address questions regarding the Moon, and how gravitational force affects the movement of water, leaves, and aeroplanes..

[Audio] Gravity affects all objects on earth, and this slide will explore this by looking into the examples of mass of a car, bicycle, and bus, as well as the relationship between mass and gravitational force. Further, we'll consider the implications of leaving a ball on a sloping surface. Understanding the force of gravity can help us to better explore the wonders of our universe..

[Audio] Without gravity, people and things on Earth would be without an anchor, existing in a state of free-floating in the air. Gravitational force is a measureable phenomenon, with the measure of newtons being affected by the mass of the two objects being pulled together. To measure weight, a spring balance or compression balance is used, and for mass, a lever balance or electronic balance is used..

[Audio] The student observed that all four objects fell to the ground due to the force of gravity. Heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects, as evidenced by the basketball, which has a greater mass than the ping-pong ball and therefore experiences a stronger downward force. This leads to the conclusion that the greater the mass of an object, the greater the gravitational force acting on it..

[Audio] Light is a fundamental property of our universe. In this slide, we are examining the three main categories of materials and how they interact with light. Transparent objects, such as air and clear glass, allow most of the light to pass through them. Translucent objects, such as frosted glass and tracing paper, allow some of the light to pass through, but not as much as transparent objects. On the other hand, opaque objects, such as wood, block all light from passing through them, creating shadows. To summarize, transparent objects allow most light, translucent objects allow some light, and opaque objects block all light..

[Audio] Light is an essential part of our lives. This chapter discusses what light is, the various objects and their interaction with it. An example of transparent objects in the indicated table is water, clear plastic and clear glass. Objects that are translucent are tracing paper, tinted glass and milk. Opaque objects are rock, book, and tree. To produce shadows with hands, they must be opaque so that they block light. The shape of the shadow is the same as the object and is dark because no light falls on it. Conversely, transparent objects do not produce shadows as light passes through them..

[Audio] Moving forward, we will discuss the concept of light and how it interacts with different kinds of objects. Starting with the different properties of objects, transparent objects allow all of the light to pass through, while translucent objects permit some of the light to pass through and opaque objects cannot let any light pass through. Objective questions regarding light and its interaction with different kinds of objects will follow. These include: Question 1- What are transparent objects? Answer: Objects that allow light to pass through them. Question 2- Which of the following is a translucent object? Answer: Tissue paper. Question 3- What is true about opaque objects? Answer: They do not allow light to pass through them. Question 4- Which of the following is matched correctly? Answer: D Hat, opaque. Lastly, an activity was carried out to study if the light can pass through object X. The result was B - frosted glass. That concludes this slide - thank you for your attention..

. 75 Chapter 7 Light Science Prathomsuksa 4 6. Why are car windscreens made from glass? A Blocks the sunlight. B Enhances the beauty of car. C Protects passengers from wind. D Allows us to see things outside as glass is transparent. 7. The diagram below shows the observation of an activity. Vase Torch What can you conclude from the activity? A Light travels through all media. B Light travels very fast. C Light cannot pass through opaque objects. D Light travels through opaque objects. 8. Shadows are formed when A light passes through a transparent object B light is absorbed by an opaque object C an opaque object blocks the light in its path D light curves around an object to produce the shadow 9. When light passes through certain objects, a shadow is formed. Which might be these objects? I Water II Basketball III Metal spoon IV Lens A I and II B I and III C II and III D III and IV 10. The diagram shows an activity to study the formation of a shadow on the wall. Cardboard Wood Wall Which is the shadow formed on the wall? A B C D.

[Audio] Objects can have different properties that can determine how light interacts with them. Transparent objects allow almost all light to pass through them, while translucent objects allow only some light to pass through, and opaque objects do not allow any light to pass through. These terms can help to understand the properties of objects with regards to light..

[Audio] Aim of this activity was to investigate if light can pass through different objects. The book, the magnifying glass and the tinted glass were used in the experiment. Observations showed that light could not pass through the book, some light passed through the tinted glass, and light passed through the magnifying glass. Objects that cast a dark shadow were the book, while both the tinted glass and the magnifying glass cast faint and no shadow respectively. Objects used in this experiment can be categorized as opaque material (book), translucent material (tinted glass) and transparent material (magnifying glass)..

[Audio] The Solar System is composed of the Sun and other celestial bodies, such as planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and natural satellites. At its core is the Sun, which is about 110 times bigger than our Earth. It is located 150 million kilometers away from us. The Sun is actually a star comprised primarily of hydrogen gas. It appears to rise in the East and set in the West due to the Earth's rotation. The Solar System contains 8 planets, namely Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Earth. There are also 4 dwarf planets, as well as numerous asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and natural satellites. In this unit, we will explore the Solar System and its various components..

[Audio] Moon phases are caused by the varying angles of sunlight being reflected and the Moon's location relative to the Earth. A Lunar calendar, which is used to count the days in a given month, is aligned with the Moon's phases. Our Solar System has 8 planets orbiting the Sun and they can be divided into two groups: inner planets, which are mostly composed of rocks and lack of natural satellites or rings, and outer planets, which boast dozens of natural satellites and rings. Earth is the only planet with a unique relationship with the Moon. Its gravitational pull causes the Earth's tides and its different angles of reflection give us the 8 different Moon phases, such as Full Moon, New Moon, New Gibbous Moon, Old Gibbous Moon, New Half Moon, Old Half Moon, Old Crescent Moon and New Crescent Moon..

[Audio] Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet of them all. It can get very hot during the day, and very cold at night. It does not have any natural satellites. Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is surrounded by a layer of poisonous gases which trap heat and make it the hottest planet. Venus is also the brightest planet, and does not have any natural satellites. Earth, the third planet from the Sun, is the only planet that contains water, air and suitable temperatures to support life. It also has only one natural satellite - the Moon. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is often referred to as the ‘Red Planet’ due to the iron oxide present in its soil. Its atmosphere is mostly composed of carbon dioxide and it has two small natural satellites. Jupiter is the largest planet and comprised of mostly hydrogen and helium. It is colder compared to the others and has poisonous air. A well-known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a giant spinning storm. Saturn is the second largest planet and is known for its beautiful rings made up of rocks and ice. Its composition is similar to Jupiter, and it has 62 natural satellites. Uranus is the third largest planet and is very cold and windy. It is also referred to as an ice giant and spins on its side. It takes 84 Earth years to orbit the Sun and has 27 natural satellites. Focusing on the Solar System and Prathomsuksa 4 Science curriculum, these are the major characteristics of each planet..

[Audio] Celestial bodies of the Solar System include planets, dwarf planets and natural satellites, which all revolve around the Sun on different orbits. Asteroids, meanwhile, orbit in an asteroid belt. The furthest planet from the Sun is Neptune, composed of hydrogen, helium and methane, resulting in its blue hue. It takes 165 Earth years to complete its revolution period..

[Audio] Meteoroids range in size from grains of dust to large pieces of rocks. If a meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere, it will heat up and burn, resulting in a meteor, or 'falling star', streak of light. The parts that reach the Earth's surface are then known as meteorites. Large meteorites can create craters in the ground. Comets are lumps of dust and ice that orbit the Sun. When a comet approaches the Sun, part of the ice melts and a trail of dust and gases is left behind, visible as a long glowing tail..

[Audio] The eight planets in our Solar System are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Each planet orbits the Sun in its own revolution. Jupiter is the largest planet, while Mercury is the smallest. Saturn is well-known for its gorgeous rings. Venus is the hottest planet and Earth is the only known body to host life. Educating ourselves on the names and features of each planet is essential for realizing our position in this universe..

[Audio] The Solar System is an integral part of our universe and is composed of eight planets, asteroids, and comets, all orbiting the Sun. When looking at the relationships between the planets and the Sun, one can clearly see that the closer a planet is to the Sun, the higher the temperature it has. Sadly, neither Mercury nor Neptune are able to host life. On the other hand, Earth has a temperature that is just right for it to be hospitable for Life. Were the Earth to orbit the Sun at a closer distance, then its environment would become too hot for plants and animals to survive. This lecture has provided us with a better understanding of the Solar System and the conditions necessary for life to exist in our universe..

[Audio] We'll be exploring the Solar System and its objects. We'll match them to their correct descriptions and fill in the blanks about the Moon. The Sun is the source of energy for the Solar System, around which planets, asteroids, and comets orbit. The Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon, a solid rock which has no water or air, and orbits the Earth. The Moon reflects the light of the Sun, creating the phases of the Moon seen here on Earth. Meteoroids are pebbles which travel in the Solar System and are usually found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Comets are composed of ice and dust. By the end of this slide, you should understand the objects which make up the Solar System and the characteristics of each..

[Audio] Planet X, Mercury, is closest to the Sun, while Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are located in more distant orbits and take more time to make one orbit around the Sun. This can be explained by the fact that the further the planet is from the Sun, the longer the time needed to orbit the Sun. Consequently, any new planet discovered should be beyond Neptune if it takes 200 years to orbit around the Sun..

[Audio] Neptune is the furthest planet from the Sun and is known as "Planet Y". Mercury is the planet composed of rocks, whereas Jupiter cannot support life due to its cold and poisonous air. The planets can be placed in increasing size order as: Mercury, Neptune and Jupiter. As the Earth rotates, the Sun appears to rise in the East and set in the West. A lunar calendar is based on the phases of the Moon. The revolution period is the time taken for a planet to complete its orbit around the Sun. Meteoroids are rocks that travel through space. When they enter Earth's atmosphere, they burn hot and become meteors, potentially forming craters. Comets are composed of ice and dust, while asteroids are found in the asteroid belt and are smaller than planets..

[Audio] Presented in this slide are questions related to science prathomsuksa 4 and the topics of the solar system that have been divided into two types: objective questions, which require a single correct answer, and mastery practice questions, which require multiple correct answers. Objective questions measure the student's knowledge and understanding of the topic, while mastery practice questions measure the student's ability to apply the knowledge to a variety of scenarios. This set of questions focuses on the sun, moon, planets and orbits with answer choices provided below the questions..

[Audio] Focusing on the phases of the moon and its effect on the night sky, we can observe the new moon, the new crescent moon, the new half moon, the new gibbous moon, the old crescent moon, the old half moon, the old gibbous moon and the full moon. These different shapes are caused by the moon's rotation around the earth and the amount of sunlight the moon reflects. This phenomenon creates the beautiful sight of the sky during the evening, providing us with a unique view every night..

[Audio] Solar System consists of eight planets, plus other celestial bodies, like asteroids and comets, in orbit around the sun. Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are the four inner planets closest to the sun. Mars is often labeled as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish tint. Uranus, Neptune, and dwarf planet Pluto are the outer planets, with the asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter, comprised of rocks, comets, and other rubble..

[Audio] We discussed the components of the Solar System, their characteristics and relative sizes. The 8 planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - all orbit around the Sun, with the latter at the center. Natural satellites, asteroids and meteoroids also exist, though they vary greatly in sizes. By learning all of this, we have gained a better understanding of the structure of the Solar System..

[Audio] Let's see how much the students know about Matter. In the Term Test 2, there are two sections, A and B. Section A consists of 60 marks and four questions each requiring different levels of knowledge. Question 1 asks about matter, question 2 is about objects that are considered matter, question 3 is about objects in the same state of matter, and question 4 requests the correct examples of a gas, a liquid and a solid. Take some time to think and answer all of the questions. All the best!.

[Audio] We will now look at Term Test 2 of Science Prathomsuksa 4. The first question asks which of the following is true about a solid and a liquid. The answer is C, Both occupy space. The next question gives us a description of an object Y and asks us to identify it. The correct answer is A, Oxygen. The third question asks us to identify what is known as a solid. The correct answer is C, a solid. The fourth question relates to the properties of air and specifically balloons. The correct answer is A, air has no fixed volume. For the last question, we are asked to identify what particles of matter are filling. The answer is C, a solid..

[Audio] Gravitational force and light are the topics addressed in slide number 95 of the powerpoint presentation. Gravity is a force of attraction between any two objects with mass, responsible for keeping planets in orbit and affecting motion of objects near the Earth's surface. Light, a form of electromagnetic radiation visible to us, can travel through empty space and some materials, like glass or air. Questions in the slide relate to understanding the force of gravity and nature of light and how they work. Think carefully to answer the questions correctly..

[Audio] Be sure to study your term tests to get the right answers for this set of questions; question 22 is C, question 23 is B, question 24 is B, question 25 is C, question 26 is B, and question 27 is A..

[Audio] Three questions test your knowledge of the Solar System: what is represented by X in the diagram (Answer D: Asteroid belt), what would happen if the Earth and a planet T switched positions (Answer B: the polar ice on the Earth would melt), and what phenomenon is seen in the night sky of the Earth (Answer D: meteor shower). Thank you for your attention..