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Scientists Just Added Four New Letters to the Genetic Code

Presented By: Kanishka Singh Under Guidance of: Ms. Anshu Goel

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Human Genome Project GIFs - Get the best GIF on GIPHY

The  Human Genome Project (HGP)  was an international scientific research project that aim to determine the  complete sequence of nucleotide base pair  that make up human DNA and all the genes it contains. The Human Genome Project, which began officially in  1990 , was the largest international collaboration ever undertaken in biology and involved thousands of scientists . And was completed in  2003 . The idea was picked up in 1984   by the  US government .

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Game of Genomes: A quest to crack the mysteries of our DNA

HGP as “Mega Project” was an 13-year project, coordinated by US department of Energy and the National Institute of Health. UK was the Major Partner, along with  Japan, France, Germany, China and others . HGP has been called a megaproject due to: Huge cost estimated to be  $9 billion , the cost of sequencing 1bp is  US$3. Very  large number of base pair (3  × 10 9 bp) to identified and sequenced. Requires a large number of scientists, technicians and supporting staff. High-speed computational devices for storage, retrieval and analysis of data. The science of  Bioinformatics  also developed during this period and helped HGP.

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National Human Genome Research Institute GIFs - Get the best GIF on GIPHY

Establish the complete Human Genome Sequence and to make it  freely accessible . Identification of all the approximately  20,000-25,000 genes  in human DNA. To determine the sequences  of 3 billion chemical  base pair that make up human DNA. To store this information in  database . To improve tools for  data analysis . Transfer- related  technologies to other sectors, such as industries.

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Genetic &amp; Genomic Testing: What I Learned | BladderCancer.net

ELSI  : To solve any ethical, legal and social issues. Bioinformatics  i.e., close association of HGP with the rapid development of a new area in biology. Sequencing of model organisms  : Non-human organisms DNA sequences can lead to an understanding of their natural capabilities that can be applied towards solving challenges in health-care, agriculture, energy production, environmental remediation. Many non-human model organisms such as bacteria, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans (a free-living non-pathogenic nematode), Drosophila, plants like rice and Arabidopsis, etc., have been sequenced.

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Organisms Base Pairs No. of genes E. coli 4.7 million 4,000 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 12 million 6,000 Caenorhabditis elegans 97 million 18,000 Drosophila melanogaster 180 million 13,000 Arabidopsis 130 million 25,000 Oryza sativa 430 million 32,000 – 50,000

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The medical implications of the huge amount of genetic information obtained from the HGP are tremendous It would serve as resource for identification of the human disease gene. For example the oncogenic sequence changes in cancer cells can be directly identified by comparing cancer genome sequences against draft genome. Advancement in biotechnology with regard to development of useful genes would expand the scope of gene therapy and open new ways of combating disease. It may even initiate new fields such as pharmacogenomics which would individualized therapies depending on genetic make up of the patient.

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Human Genome GIFs - Get the best GIF on GIPHY

Advancement in biotechnology with regard to development of useful genes would expand the scope of gene therapy and open new ways of combating disease. It may even initiate new fields such as pharmacogenomics which would individualized therapies depending on genetic make up of the patient.

Science
Studies to integrate
genomic information
with DNA variations
(SNPS), gene expression
patterns and functional
analyses of protein
Pharmacogenomics
HGP
Major advances in
diagnosis and
treatment
of many
disorders
Society
Appropriate legislation
to prevent genetic
discrimination and
protect genetic privacy
Social attitudes towards
genetic testing will
influence its acceptance
and therefore some
clinical developments

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Solving a DNA Mystery: “The Bizarre Thing About the Bubbling DNA”

HGP involved two major approaches: Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) – This approach focussed on identifying all genes expressed as RNA. Sequence Annotation – This blind approach involved sequencing the whole genome (coding and non-coding) and later assigning functions to the different regions.

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DNA sequencing involves the following steps: First, total DNA is isolated from a cell and converted into random, small-size fragments since it is difficult to sequence long pieces of DNA. These fragments are then cloned into a suitable host (bacteria or yeast) using special vectors such as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) or Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC). This amplifies each DNA fragment so that it can be sequenced easily. Next, the fragments are sequenced using automated DNA sequencers. These sequences work on the principle of Frederick Sanger’s method. Special computer-based programs are used to arrange and align the DNA sequences based on overlapping regions present in them. Subsequently, the sequences are annotated and assigned to each chromosome. This is a time-consuming process. Therefore, the sequence of chromosome 1 (the last chromosome to be sequenced) was completed only in May 2006.

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There are 3164.7 million nucleotide bases in the human genome. An average gene has 3000 bases. However, sizes vary greatly, with the largest human gene being ‘dystrophin’ that has 2.4 million bases. For over 50% of the discovered genes, the functions are unknown. Less than 2% of the genome codes for protein. Repeated sequences form a large part of the human genome.

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The original estimate of the number of genes was 80,000 to 1,40,000 genes. However, HGP gave an estimate of about 30,000 genes. About 99.9% nucleotide bases are the same in all people. Stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times (sometimes 100 to 1000 times) are repetitive sequences. Although they don’t code for proteins, they shed light on chromosome structure, evolution, and dynamics. Chromosome 1 has the most number of genes (2968), and chromosome Y has the least (231). HGP has identified 1.4 million locations with single base DNA differences in humans. This information will revolutionize the identification of disease-associated sequences and tracking of human history.

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The sequencing of the human genome holds benefits for many fields, from molecular medicine to human evolution. Helps in identifying disease causing gene. Identification of mutations linked to different forms of cancer. The sequence of the DNA is stored in databases available to anyone on the Internet. The U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (and sister organizations in Europe and Japan) house the gene sequence in a database known as GenBank, along with sequences of known and hypothetical genes and proteins. Will allow for advances in agriculture through genetic modification to yield healthier, more disease-resistant crops. Benefitted the advancement of forensic science.

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Being an enormous task it will require the expertise and creativity of many people from varied disciplines in both the public and private sectors worldwide. New high-throughput technologies and a huge amount of money will be needed for the same.

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https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/the-molecular-basis-of-inheritance/human-genome-project-and-dna-fingerprinting/ https://www.slideshare.net/TapeshwarYadav1/human-genome-project-50082458 https://www.slideshare.net/vinithasekar/human-genome-project-72272927 https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=hgp

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HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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 https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/the-molecular-basis-of-inheritance/human-genome-project-and-dna-fingerprinting/ https://www.slideshare.net/TapeshwarYadav1/human-genome-project-50082458 https://www.slideshare.net/vinithasekar/human-genome-project-72272927 https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=hgp

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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