Evolution of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Evolution of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering.

What is Engineering?. ENGINEERING is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind . (ABET definition).

3. Science Technology Engineering F = ma PV = mRT E = mc 2.

4. An ancient door safety technology.

e The sides ot refrigerator may get warm this is not an abnormality, This is designed for prevention of moisture condensation. x • Never Keep any hot utensil or burning so -c object over the top of refrigerator. MEZ42254301.

It deals with the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the machine. Machine is a device, comprising a number of interrelated parts, that makes mechanical work easier by overcoming a load at one end by the application of force at the other end..

Pebble tools were first used by humans by more than 2 millions ago..

8. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indians-used-chariots-4-000-years-ago-asi-unearths-evidence-in-up-1251650-2018-06-06.

9. Archimedes (287-212 BC ): the first (?) military engineer.

10. Archimedes’ Screw. Gaining popularity to drive hydropower plants using residual flow from a stream or river..

11. Philon of Byzantium (280 BC to 220 BC). Lever Catapult Pneumatics Automation.

12. Heron of Alexandria(10-70). Heron.

13. Aeolipile: The first steam engine.

Wind powered Organ Siphon Automatic closing and opening of temple doors Statues that pour wine Water clock Syringe Fire engine Automatopoietica: First book on automation Developed first polytechnic school Developed computing devices based on gears and pins: First analog computer.

15. Indian Strength: Wootz Steel. Wootz steel was developed in India and Sri Lanka in as early as 300 BC. Contains high carbon content (nearly 1.5%). The term wootz derived from ukku the word for crucible steel in Kannada. Primary content of Damascus steel Wind driven furnace was discovered along the coastline of Sri Lanka..

16. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). A self-portrait.

Concept of moment of a force Rigid body motion in an inclined plane Hydrostatics and hydrodynamics Strength of materials Basic laws of friction: ( i ) If the load of an object is doubled, its friction doubles. (ii) The areas in contact have no effect on friction Developer of first robot.

18. Galileo Galilei(1564-1642). Painter: Justus Sustermans.

With an increase in the temperature of the liquid, density decreases. All the objects having density more than the liquid will sink..

Principle: Time period of a pendulum is proportional to square root of the length. Galileo used unit of time as “tempo”..

21. Isaac Newton(1643-1727). GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.

22. First commercial steam engine (c. 1698) by Thomas Savery (1650-1715). He invented the term Horsepower..

23. E ngine invented by Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729) in 1712.

James Watt (1736-1819). Watt James von Breda. Many call him as father of Mechanical Engineering Key contributor of First Industrial Revolution (c.1750-1850) Improved the efficiency by providing separate condenser to existed steam engine.

25. Steam engine by Mathew Boulton (1728-1809) and Watt, 1784.

Technological life sketch of steam engines. S team engines contributed a lot to industrial revolution (started in 1760). The first steam engine by Newcomen in 1712 had efficiency of 0.5%. John Smeaton enhanced it to 1%. James Watt’s engine (1776) was having 2.5% efficiency. Corliss Steam Engine (1849) had 30% more efficiency. Today, steam engines are obsolete..

27. John Smeaton (1724-1792), Father of Civil Engineering.

28. John Smeaton’s contributions to mechanical engineering.

29. Sadi Carnot (1796-1832). Sadi_Carnot. Painter : Louis-Léopold Boilly.

30. Sadi Carnot (1796-1832). Father of thermodynamics At the age of 28, published his seminal work “Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat” Died of cholera at the age of 36 Carnot cycle Thermal efficiency of Carnot engine is the ratio of the difference of the higher and lower temperature, to the higher temperature..

31. Efforts of Clausius (1822-1888), Clapeyron (1799-1864) and Joul (1818-1889): First and Second laws of thermodynamics.

32. Second law of thermodynamics. Clausius, 1850: Heat does not flow spontaneously from cold to hot bodies. Kelvin-Planck: It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work. If the thermodynamic work is to be done at a finite rate, free energy must be expanded..

Year Eve nt 1872 Brayton developed gasoline engine 1878 First Otto four-stroke engine 1892 Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913) developed CI engine 1930 Direct injection without compressor 1970 Electronic controlled ignition 1980 Electronic fuel ignition.

Year Eve nt 1769 French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot developed a military tractor. 1789 First US patent for steam powered vehicle to Oliver Evans. 1801 Richard Trevithick built a road carriage run by steam in Britain. 1807 Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented IC engine using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen used in a car. Unsuccessful design. 1832-1839 Robert Anderson of Scotland invented first electric carriage. 1885 Karl Benz built a 3-wheller powered by gasoline. 1886 Henry Ford builds his first automobile in Michigan. 1887 Gottlieb Daimler developed four-wheel er, considered a first modern automobile. 1990 Hybrid vehicles.

35. Timeline of electronics. 1904: Thermionic valve or diode invented. 1907: Triode Patented 1940: Ohl discovers that impurities in semiconductor crystals create photoelectric properties 1947: First point contact transistor 1952: First commercial device (hearing aid) to apply Shockley’s junction transistor 1954: First truly consistent mass-produced transistor is demonstrated 1954: First transistor radio.

36. History of electronics. 1955: Silicon oxide discovery 1958-59: Integrated circuit invented 1962: MOSFET is invented 1966: Self aligned gate process for fabricating field effect transistor 1967: First handheld calculator invented 1969: Dynamic random access memory 1970: The first CD ROM patented 1971: Intel introduced computer on chip.

37. Event Year The first steam engine (used as water pump) by Thomas Savery 1698 Steam engine installed by Thomas Newcomen 1712 The first tandem rolling mill patented by Richard Ford 1766 The first commercial steam engine based on James Watt’s design 1769 Richard Trevithick develops high pressure engine 1799 The first car powered by IC engine running on fuel gas 1806 George Stephenson (1781–1848), father of railways, designs his first locomotive 1814 Samuel Brown patented first IC engine to be applied industrially 1823 Nikolaus Otto developed a practical four stoke cycle IC engine 1876 Karl Benz got patent for two stroke IC engine 1879 James Atkinson developed Atkinson cycle engine 1882 Herman Hollerith invented an electo -mechanical machine to tabulate information using cards with punched holes 1890 Rudolf Diesel demonstrated the diesel engine using a peanut oil fuel (bio-diesel!) 1900 The First working gas turbine by Aegidus Elling (1861–1949), father of gas turbine 1903 Wright brothers apply for patents of their flying machine in Germany and France 1904 The first successful military plane 1909 Boeing’s first passenger aircraft 1928 The first NC machine at MIT 1952 The first CNC machine by MIT 1957.

38. Period Main features Main Contributors 1750  1850 Division of labor, replacing muscle by machine, concept of interchangeability Adam Smith, Eli Whitney, Samual Bentham, Marc Brunel, Henry Maudslay and James Watt, Charles Babbage 1851  1930 Method study, distinct identity of industrial/production engineering, use of electrical power, steel production, SQC, queuing theory Taylor, Gilbreth, Towne, Ford, Gantt, Shewhart, Erlang, Honer, Diemer 1931  1960 Ergonomics, quality management, operations research Maslow, Mayo, McGregor, Deming, Juran, Dantzig, Walker, Kelley, Hamilton, U.S. Navy 1961  2010 Automation, quality, supply chain management, lean and agile manufacturing, six sigma, web based production, cloud computing and manufacturing Taguchi, Ohno, Morley, Jobs, Gates 2010 onwards Industry 4.0, Internet of things, sustainable manufacturing, big data and analytics, digital manufacturing German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, European Union, companies like Google.

Rapid Prototyping developed in 1980s Rapid Tooling Rapid Manufacturing Additive Manufacturing.

Ever evolving dynamic branch Utilizing manual, wind, water, steam, electrical and solar power Examples of electronics replacing mechanical components: digital watch, electronic cam, gears Examples of electronics complimenting mechanics: IC engines, measurements Use of information technology: Web based manufacturing, IoT.

1698: Thomas Savery invents a steam engine, basically a pump 1712: Newcomen developed a steam engine. 1769: James Watt got a patent for his engine with separate condenser. 1847: Institution of Mechanical Engineers was formed in UK 1854: First Mechanical Engineering School at Pune 1948: American Institute of Industrial Engineering was founded..

Four Industrial Revolutions. 42. o 3rd 1st Mechanization, water power, steam power 0 2nd Mass production, Computer and assembly line, automation electricity 4th Cyber Physical Systems.

Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914). Use of electrical energy IC Engines Mass production Assembly lines Automation Development of special purpose machine tools Use of non-ferrous materials, aluminum, plastics Development of phones (1876), bulbs.

Third Industrial Revolution (1970-1990). Electronics, Telecommunication, computers CNC machines Programmable logic controllers Robotics Nuclear power Internet (Ray Tomlinson invented e-mail in 1971. Internet came into existence in 1973. Tim Berners-Lee developed World Wide Web in 1991.) (Many consider the invention of transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William B. Shockley as a revolutionary event.) (The first electronic computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) developed in 1946 had about 18000 thermionic valves and consumed about 150 kW of electrical power.).

Fourth Industrial Revolution (present). Named before its advent Cyber physical systems Short development period Mass customization/personalization (Personalization is done through customer data) Flexibility Decentralization (Will factory system go away?) Resource efficiency Web 2.0 Smart Phones.

Contd . Fourth Industrial Revolution. Additive manufacturing, 3D printers Autonomous manufacturing cells Digitization and networking (digital manufacturing) Digital twins (virtual replica of physical devices) Miniaturization Smart factory Importance of IT.

3D printing to replace all manufacturing processes Self-replicating machines Artificial intelligence Sustainable development.

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