Evolution of Computers

Evolut on of Computers. 3000 BCE - Present. When, what, how, and why?.

PRE-MECHANICAL PERIOD 3000 BCE - Present. PRE-MECHANICAL.

Technology has its roots in the very beginning of human civilization. The premechanical period, which lasted from 3000 BC to 1450 is the era where primitive technology such as tools made out of stones are prominent and there were no kinds of computer systems during this period. During the late stage of this period, people started using the numerical system. Around 100 and 200 AD, Hindus in India invented a nine-digit numbering system which is similar to the ones we use today. The earliest counting device is human hands and fingers capable of counting up to 10 things, some people also include their toes if the number exceeds 10. For larger quantities to count, people used natural items such as pebbles, twigs, and seashells to help them. People then started to think of ways to count simpler and organized ways to count leading to the invention of Abacus. It consists of a framed set with rod and beads where beads are moved. The earliest abacus was discovered in fourth century BCE Rome, but it is said to have been used in China since second century BCE. It is used mostly by merchants to keep track of their inventory..

MECHANICAL PERIOD 1450 - 1840. MECHANICAL. PERIOD.

The mechanical period began and ended in 1450 - 1840. As people during pre pre-mechanical period were enjoying simpler ways to count, because of this, they grew interested in automating and speeding up numerical calculations. This gave rise to Pascaline. It is a mechanical calculator which was invented by Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. This instrument inspired inventors to automate counting and calculations and one of those is Charles Babbage. Charles Babbage is the inventor of Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. The Difference Engine was designed and partially built during the 1820 to 1830. It is an early calculating machine and is almost the first computer. Although it didn't succeed because of the financial costs. 2.

His other invention, the Analytical Engine, became the successor of the Difference Engine. It is the first programmable mechanical computer. It contained features such as the ALU control flow which is composed of conditional branching and loops. It also featured what he called the "mill" which is its computer processing unit and the "store" which is its memory. He also devised what he called "the reader" to input instructions as well as a way to record on paper, results generated machines. Babbage called the output of this machine a "printer". These features became part of the blueprint of succeeding computers, especially in the first-half of the 20th century. 3.

ELECTROMECHANICAL PERIOD 1840 1940. ELECTROMECHANICAL.

From 1840 to 1940, the electromechanical period marked the inception of telecommunications and the foundation for modern information systems. It began with Alessandro Volta's invention of the voltaic battery in 1800, a pioneering electrochemical device for generating electricity. Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail's creation of the telegraph in the early 1830s revolutionized long-distance communication using electrical signals and Morse code. This era also witnessed the emergence of electricity storage, from lead-acid to lithium-ion batteries, addressing energy needs. These developments set the stage for subsequent technological advancements, including the telephone, radio, and early digital computers, paving the way for smaller, more efficient systems. 4.

History of Computers. 1940 - Future. What, why, and how?.

9961 - 0961 N011VU3N39 -LSUIA .1. FIRST. GENERATION.

The first-generation computers relied on vacuum tubes for their primary memory and Central Processing Unit (CPU). These vacuum tubes, created by Lee De Forest, improved signal processing by controlling electron movement in a vacuum. While vacuum tubes were widely used in these early computers, known for their immense size and high power consumption, they were expensive to operate and generated substantial heat. Vacuum tubes served critical functions in amplification, switching, and memory, despite their drawbacks. Their legacy paved the way for the development of more efficient and compact computers using transistors and integrated circuits. 5.

SECOND GENERATION 1956 - 1963. SECOND. GENERATION.

The second generation of computers saw the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors, resulting in smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable machines. This transition also coincided with the development of high-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, making computers more accessible. Transistors, made of materials like silicon or germanium, allowed controlled current flow and became the core of modern electronics, with the prevalent metal- oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) serving various applications. Magnetic core technology and magnetic tape were early data storage methods, with cores offering reliability and non-volatility, and tape providing high-capacity sequential access storage still used for archival purposes today. 6.

THIRD GENERATION 1964 - 1971. THIRD. GENERATION. 1964 - 1971.

The invention of integrated circuits during the third generation of computing significantly enhanced computer speed and efficiency by reducing transistor size and placing them on silicon chips. This advancement rendered traditional methods like punched cards and printouts obsolete. It allowed computers to multitask with operating systems and keyboards, introducing programming languages like BASIC for easier software development. Integrated circuits, known as microchips, have since become the foundation of modern electronics due to their compactness, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, revolutionizing industries from consumer electronics to aerospace and medical technology. 7.

FOURTH GENERATION 1971 - Present. FOURTH. GENERATION.

The fourth generation of computers saw a technological leap with the development of microprocessors, which contained memory, logic, and the CPU on a single chip. Computers transitioned from room-filling vacuum tubes to compact devices. IBM and Apple played significant roles in the rise of personal computing, with IBM's open architecture and Apple's user-friendly GUI. Language software like Word for Windows has made computers more accessible. This era also witnessed the development of networks, handheld devices, and the internet as computing became globally popular. Microprocessors drove increased processing power and efficiency, marking a pivotal moment in computer history. 8.

FIFTH GENERATION Present - Future. FIFTH. GENERATION.

In the fifth generation of computing, there's a strong focus on artificial intelligence (A1), aiming to create intelligent machines capable of human-like functions such as speech recognition, learning, planning, and problem-solving. While A1 is still in its early stages, some applications like speech recognition are already in use, with the ultimate goal of creating devices that can learn and respond to natural language input. A1, a field that originated in 1956, has seen remarkable advancements in machine learning and deep learning, offering various benefits such as task automation, improved decision-making, and enhanced user experiences. However, it also poses challenges, including ethical considerations and potential job displacement, that require careful attention. 9.

The advance of technology is based on making it fit in so it, so it's part of everyday life GATES.

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