Electric vehicles

[Audio] Good Morning Everyone lets begin the Presentation.

[Audio] Topic For Today Electric Vehicles and Its chemistries.

[Audio] On the other hand in the hope to get people to purchase more environmentally friendly vehicles , the government has this year proposed the launch of voluntary vehicle scrappage it aims at phasing out any commercial vehicle that's older than.

[Audio] You can read more at Economic times. However, it’s not all gloom and doom for EVs. The industry is still on a major upward trajectory. Consumer demand triumphs in the long run and that is evident in the recent industry developments. For instance, the world’s most valuable electric vehicle manufacturer, Tesla, is now all set to launch its cars in India this year. The launch of the tech giant is expected to boost the adoption of EVs in the country. This launch is also proof that there is a lot to gain via the widespread adoption of EVs. Plus, the Make in India program can aid the manufacturing of EVs and their components. In fact, some reports show that this could increase the country’s GDP by 25 per cent over the coming years. Read more at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/why-the-future-of-electric-vehicles-appears-bright-in-india/articleshow/81531959.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.

A – battery parameter. Important Battery Parameters There is specific information available about each battery, but two common ratings are battery voltage and capacity Ah. The nominal voltage of lead-acid batteries is 2V or 12V, while Li-Ion batteries can be in the range of 3.3-3.7V. Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries have a nominal voltage of 1.2V. Nominal capacity (Ah) rating represents the current value that can be provided by the battery in one hour. This indicates the amount of energy stored in the battery. Additional important information are battery type and the number of cells in the battery string ..

In order to select the most suitable battery type for an EV application, the following battery parameters should be considered: • Life span—The battery life cycle is influenced by different factors, such as the purpose the battery will be used for, operating conditions, and the depth of battery discharge, but you can generally estimate EV battery life as 8 years or 160,000 km (100,000 miles) . • Safety—It takes a lot of power to drive an EV, which must be managed properly. A safe operation is assured by a carefully designed battery management system (BMS). • Cost—This is a major problem for EVs (compared to ICE vehicles) because an EV’s battery system costs as much as a small ICE vehicle. • Performance—This depends mostly on battery operating temperature. High temperature reduces the battery’s life span, while low temperature decreases a battery’s performance. • Specific energy—Energy density represents battery capacity in weight (Wh/kg) and the amount of energy stored per unit mass (or by volume). Since the battery system is a significant part of an EV’s weight, the specific energy value is one of the most important parameters for EV batteries. High specific energy is required in applications where a long runtime is required at moderate load. • Specific power—Power density represents loading capability. EVs have much better torque than ICE vehicles, and therefore have better acceleration. Battery Types Used in EVs EVs are powered by rechargeable batteries. This battery type provides a reversible chemical reaction, allowing both their discharging and charging process. During the battery discharging process, the electrical current flows from cathode (+) to anode (-), while the reverse process occurs during charging..

B – energy storage requirements. Electric vehicles have reached a mature technology today because they are superior to internal combustion engines (ICE) in efficiency, endurance, durability, acceleration capability and simplicity. Besides, they can recover some energy during regenerative braking and they are also friendly with the environment. However, the energy storage capability is one of their big drawbacks. Autonomous vehicles must carry all the energy they need for a given distance and speed. It means an energy storage system with high specific energy (Wh/kg) and high specific power (W/kg), which allows rapid charge to reduce the long charging time required today. This presentation shows some of the options under study to increase the energy storage capability and to reduce the charging time. A comparative study of different storage alternatives, such as chemical battery systems, ultracapacitors, flywheels and fuel cells are evaluated, showing the advantages and disadvantages of each one of them..

c- battery modelling. Battery modeling is an excellent way to predict and optimize some batteries' basic parameters like state of charge, battery lifetime and charge/discharge characteristic. ... This paper categorizes battery models according to various criteria such as approach methods, timescale of modeling or modeling levels. why is battery Modelling important? Battery modeling can help to predict, and possibly extend this lifetime. Portable devices often rely on battery energy to work. The energy stored in these batteries is limited. So, it is important to use this energy as efficiently as possible, to extend the battery lifetime..

An EV system is designed and developed to test for all the batteries performance. A complete system block diagram comprises an EV system together with the measurements of battery state of charge (SOC),voltage measurement, range of the vehicle and also speed of the vehicle..

D- fuel cell characteristics and principle of operation.

Fuel Cell Working Principle; Today fuel cells are used to produce electrical power for newer spacecraft; remote undersea stations; and mobile vehicles such as automobiles, trucks, buses, forklifts, and tractors. Some larger fuel cells provide power to buildings or small cities as a stationary electrical plant. These units are highly reliable and can bring power closer to the end user, and thus save on distribution costs..

The anode and cathode provide the electrical connection to the external electrical circuit. The electrolyte material is sandwiched between the anode and cathode. Together, the components in a fuel cell, which includes the anode and cathode electrodes, the electrolyte, and the catalyst, form an assembly called the membrane electrode assembly, where the chemical reactions occur..

Figure 1 Simplified Structure of a Typical Fuel Cell Water is removed from the fuel cell at the bottom right side in Figure 1. Some fuel cells also create extreme heat during the process, so the heat can be used to heat buildings or to create steam, which can be used to power a steam turbine to make electrical power. By controlling the means by which such a reaction occurs and directing the reaction through a heat exchanger, it is possible to harvest the heat energy. Some fuel cells must operate on pure hydrogen and pure oxygen, while others have been designed to operate on hydrocarbon fuels such as methane, butane, natural gas, coal, or gasoline. These fuel cells use a reformer, which separates the hydrogen from the hydrocarbon fuel. Hydrocarbons are especially useful for fuel cells in vehicles because transporting pure hydrogen is expensive and dangerous..

E- working principle of supercapacitor. The working principle of the supercapacitor-The basic principle of supercapacitor energy storage is to store electrical energy through the electric double-layer capacitance formed by the charge separation on the interface between the electrolyte and the bath solution ..

Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (Supercapacitors).

As you see in the above figure, the supercapacitor has the following parts, 1. Two Electrodes 2. Two current collectors 3. A Separator 4. Electrolyte Solution.

(3) Separator: The separator is used to provide insulation or separate the electrodes to prevent the short-circuit. The separator mainly made up with Kapton material. The separator is very thin like paper. The separator provides insulation between the electrodes but it allows to the flowing of charge carrier through it. (4) Electrolyte Solution: Mainly the Acetonitrile or propylene carbonate as solvents are used as electrolytic in the supercapacitor. The electrolyte solution consists the charge carriers like positive cations and negative anions..

Supercapacitor Working | Application, Electrolytic capacitor, Electrical energy.

Charging of Supercapacitor; We already know that the positive and negative Ions are present in the electrolyte solution with mixed in. So at first when we apply a voltage across the electrodes of the supercapacitor then it starts charging. The electrodes start to attract the Ions of opposite polarity. That means the positive electrode attracts the negative Ions or charges and the negative electrode attracts the positive Ions or charges. As a result, the positive ions or charges creates a layer near the negative electrode and the negative ions create a layer near the positive electrode. As there two layers is formed by the electrical charge carriers that is why it is called Electrical Double Layer Capacitor(EDLC). Discharging of Supercapacitor;.