Eluyera Oyinkansola Eunice seminar presentation Edit part 1

[Virtual Presenter] A Seminar Presentation On Roles Of Embalming In Medical Laboratory Services By Eluyera Oyinkansola Eunice (matric Number: 192146) Presented And Submitted To The Department Of Medical Laboratory Science Faculty Of Basic Medical Sciencescollege Of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola Universirty Of Technology Ogbomosoin Partial Fufilment Of The Requirements For The Award Of Bachelor Of Medical Laboratory Science (bmls) Degree In Histopathology Supervisor: Mr. W A Fabiyi July 2024. Certification.

[Audio] This is to certify that this seminar work was carried out by ELUYERA oyinkansola EUNICE with Matriculation No 192146 in the department of Medical Laboratory Science Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso under my supervision. Mr W A Fabiyi ______________ BSc Amlscn Fmlscn MSc. (Supervisor) Prof. C A Igbeneghu ______________ (Head of Department) dedication I dedicate this piece of work to Almighty God..

[Audio] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I am profoundly grateful to God Almighty for His unfailing support and guidance throughout this journey especially during the challenging moments. I extend my deepest gratitude to my Supervisor Mr Fabiyi whose patience and invaluable guidance have been instrumental in the completion of this write-up. His expertise and encouragement have been a constant source of inspiration..

[Audio] I would also like to acknowledge the head of our department Prof. Chris Igbeneghu for his unwavering support and encouragement ensuring I stayed on the right path. My heartfelt thanks go to all my friends and colleagues for their care and support. Your companionship and encouragement have made a significant difference. Lastly I express my deepest appreciation to my family members. You have been my rock and without your steadfast support this achievement would not have been possible. This work is as much yours as it is mine. table OF CONTENT Title page……………………………………………………………………… i Certification …………………………………………………………………ii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………iv Table of content ………………………………………………………………v List of figures and table …………………………………………………vi Summary ………………………………………………………………………vii Chapter One 1.0 Introduction to embedding in medical set up …………………………. 1 Chapter Two 2.0 Literature Review……… 2.1 Techniques and methods used in embalming……………….

[Audio] 2.1.1 Arterial embalming 2.1.2 Hypodermic embalming 2.1.3 Surface Embalming 2.1.4 Cavity embalming 2.2 Chemical agents involved in preservation of bodies…………… 2.3 Alternative Embalming fluids ……… Chapter Three 3.0 Discussion ……………………… 3.1 Role in Autopsy and Forensic Investigations 3.2 Significance and approach of Preparation and Preservation of Corpses 3.2.1 Techniques Involved in Preparation of Bodies for Autopsy 3.2.2 Chemical Agents used in the Preparation of Bodies for Autopsy 3.3 Significant historical techniques 3.4 Modern methods of evidence preservation in forensic pathology 3.5 Preservation of evidence during Embalming process 3.6 Documentation and Chain of Custody 3.7 Legal and Ethical Considerations 3.8 Chemical agents and Ethical Considerations 3.9 Support in Medical Training 3.10 Development of Practical Skills 3.11 Ethical Issues and Consent Involved in using Preserved Bodies 3.12 Cultural and Religious Sensitivity 3.13 Public Health Considerations 3.14 Safe Handling of Bodies in Pandemic Situations 3.15 Regulatory Standards and Guidelines 3.16 Psychological and Emotional Support Required for Handling and Embalming of Bodies 3.17 Innovations and Future Trends in Embalming Chapter Four 4.0 Conclusion……………………………………….. 4.1 Recommendation………………………………… 4.2 References……………………………………….. 4.3 Appendix………………………………………… Summary.

[Audio] Embalming while traditionally associated with preserving bodies for funerary purposes plays a crucial role in the medical field. Its significance extends beyond mere preservation encompassing various aspects of medical education surgical training research and public health. In medical education embalming ensures the long-term preservation of cadavers which are indispensable for teaching human anatomy. These preserved bodies provide a consistent and realistic medium for students to learn and understand anatomical structures facilitating a deeper comprehension of human physiology. The ability to study cadavers over extended periods allows for a thorough exploration of anatomy essential for both medical students and professionals. Surgical training benefits immensely from embalmed cadavers. They offer a realistic practice environment where medical trainees can simulate surgical procedures without the risks associated with practicing on living patients. This hands-on experience is invaluable for refining surgical skills and building confidence. Additionally embalmed bodies serve as a platform for developing and testing new surgical techniques and tools driving advancements in medical practice. Research and development in medical science also rely heavily on embalmed bodies. Pathologists utilize them to study diseases and their progression contributing to a better understanding of various medical conditions. Forensic scientists use embalmed bodies to analyze decomposition trauma effects and other forensic aspects aiding in criminal investigations and the evolution of forensic methodologies. This research is crucial for enhancing diagnostic and investigative techniques. Embalming is fundamental in the education of embalmers and mortuary scientists. Medical institutions offer training in embalming techniques ensuring that future professionals are proficient in preserving bodies for educational and funerary purposes. This training also helps students understand the science behind human decay and preservation broadening their knowledge of anatomical and pathological processes. The development of preservation techniques is another critical area influenced by embalming. Research on embalmed bodies leads to innovations in embalming fluids and methods improving preservation quality and reducing health risks. Exploring alternative preservation methods such as plastination provides new ways to maintain bodies for medical and educational purposes. From a public health perspective embalming plays a vital role in disease prevention. Proper embalming techniques prevent the spread of infectious diseases from deceased individuals safeguarding public health. During epidemics or pandemics embalming ensures the safe handling and study of bodies infected with contagious diseases crucial for understanding and managing outbreaks..

[Audio] Ethical and medicolegal considerations are inherent in the use of embalmed bodies in medical setups. The process often involves donated bodies raising ethical questions about consent and the respectful treatment of cadavers. Adhering to regulatory standards governing embalming practices ensures that these ethical concerns are addressed maintaining public trust and upholding the dignity of the deceased. Embalming is integral to medical education surgical training research and public health. Its contributions extend far beyond preservation encompassing a wide range of applications that are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving healthcare outcomes. Chapter One 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study The ancient art of embalming which has its origins in ancient cultures has changed dramatically throughout time. Embalming in most modern cultures is the art and science of temporarily preserving human remains to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at a funeral (Ajileye and others 2018). Although its primary historical use was in the preservation of the dead for religious or cultural reasons its function in modern medical contexts has undergone a significant change. Embalming originated in Egypt in 200 BC and was used until 650 AD with the Egyptians being skilled in preserving the bodies of the dead contributing to modern anatomical technologies (Yefimovich and others 2020) Human embalming started in Egypt about 3 000 (three thousand) years ago when the Egyptian noticed the preservation and mummification which took place when they left their human bodies in the desert (Ajileye and others 2018). The practice of keeping a human body intact by replacing biological fluids with chemicals that preserve it is known as “embalming”. In most jurisdictions embalmers with a licence perform this technique which is governed by tight restrictions. In these situations the major purpose of embalming is to preserve the integrity of cadavers and biological specimens.

[Audio] ensuring that they stay acceptable for meticulous anatomical study surgical training and long-term research. Embalming in medical education is essential for preserving cadavers which are vital for teaching anatomy and for practical training in surgical techniques. Modern embalming now focuses on preserving bodies for medical education and anatomical research using chemicals like formaldehyde to prevent decomposition and facilitate long-term study (Brenner 2014). Preserved cadavers provide medical students and professionals with the opportunity to examine human anatomy in a lifelike manner facilitating a more profound comprehension of the intricacies of the human body. The golden standard of studying anatomy is well established by Cadavers as a principal tool of anatomists for teaching gross anatomy. Dissection of cadavers will provide the learner to have an idea of the topography and texture architecture of the human body. At the same time it improves the dissection and surgical skills of the students. So dissection plays a major role in medical education (Sadeesh and others 2020) Embalming techniques have evolved over time with newer methods incorporating bio-mechanical testing antimicrobial properties histological appearance and usability and the European Biocidal Products Directive analyzing their suitability for human body preservation (Brenner 2014). Embalming is highly advantageous in anatomical and pathological studies providing major benefits to research. Pristine specimens are essential for the advancement of new medical methods the examination of illness progression and the execution of long-term research projects. The utilization of embalming procedures guarantees the preservation of these specimens for long duration therefore enabling continuous investigation and making valuable contributions to medical progress. The aforementioned approach offers a practical and long-lasting approach for students to acquire knowledge and engage in practical exercises consequently augmenting their comprehension of human anatomy and medical procedures (Smith and Jones 2018)..

[Audio] Embalming in modern medicine serves a wide array of functions. Its main function is to temporarily preserve the departed enabling respectful viewing funeral ceremonies and transportation. In addition to its role in funerary practices embalming can also serve as a valuable tool in medical teaching and research by facilitating anatomical dissection and the examination of disease processes. Embalming is crucial in forensic medicine as it effectively preserves bodies for examinations and forensic investigations. Preserving the remains is crucial for precise post-mortem exams and legal actions as the condition of the body can greatly influence the findings and conclusions (Marlowe and others 2016). Forensic pathologists can do comprehensive investigations on bodies that have been dead for a long period by utilizing specialized embalming techniques designed specifically for forensic purposes. The long term preservation of human cadaveric tissue at gross and microscopic level for academic and forensic purposes can be achieved with the use of arterial injection through mechanical pump along with pre-injection using 5-7 liters of embalming fluid (Amin 2017). Embalming is employed in the field of public health as a preventive strategy to curb the transmission of contagious diseases. Thoroughly preserved corpses present a reduced likelihood of spreading illnesses which is particularly vital in times of epidemics or following natural disasters and large numbers of casualties. Regulatory criteria and recommendations are implemented to guarantee that embalming techniques comply with public health safety precautions (World Health Organization 2021). Although embalming offers advantages it is not exempt from difficulties and ethical dilemmas. The utilization of chemicals namely formaldehyde elicits apprehensions regarding its environmental ramifications and potential health hazards for those involved in its application. Although Formaldehyde is an economically important chemical it is classified as a human carcinogen.

[Audio] that causes nasopharyngeal cancer and probably leukemia (Tang and others 2009). Furthermore the ethical utilization of cadavers necessitates unwavering compliance with legal and moral principles in order to demonstrate reference for the deceased and their families (Fitzgerald and others 2018). Nevertheless the progress in embalming methods and continuous scientific investigations are effectively dealing with these concerns guaranteeing that embalming remains an essential component in medical establishments. Alternative embalming fluids such as Thiel's solution and essential oils show potential as effective environmentally friendly alternatives to formalin for preserving cadavers for dissection (Satapathy and Kar 2023). Chapter Two 2.0 Literature Review 2.1. Techniques and methods used in embalming Embalming is the procedure of preserving human remains to prevent decay and ensuring that the body is ready for examination or display. Embalming is a necessary procedure in medical settings serving multiple reasons such as education research and autopsy (Nikolaou and others 2013). 2.1.1 Arterial Embalming.

[Audio] Arterial embalming refers to the process of preserving a deceased body by injecting embalming fluid into the arteries in order to maintain the integrity of the body tissues. The technique of arterial embalming is widely employed in medical settings (Brenner 2014). Procedure for Arterial Embalming The technique commences by choosing a suitable artery typically the carotid femoral or brachial artery. A surgical cut is made to uncover the artery and a tube called a cannula is inserted. The embalming solution which commonly consists of formaldehyde methanol and other solvents is introduced into the body by a pump. The fluid circulates through the circulatory system permeating all areas of the body guaranteeing uniform dispersion of the preservative (Nicholson and others 2011). This technique guarantees comprehensive preservation and is highly efficient in preserving the body for long duration making it optimal for anatomical research and forensic inquiries. It enables the retention of the body's innate appearance which is vital for educational objectives (Kalanjati and others 2012). The bactericidal qualities of embalming fluids aid in eradicating bacteria and other pathogens that can accelerate decomposition and provide health hazards (sparey 2012). Also In certain instances the use of embalming fluids can aid in the rejuvenation of the deceased's look by enhancing tissue volume and minimizing indications of dehydration (Meyer and others 2013). The selection of an artery for injection is determined by various factors including; the body's state and the embalmer's personal inclination. The carotid artery is frequently selected because it is easily reached.Carotid artery stenting risks can be reduced by understanding procedure risk and identifying high-risk features allowing for more intelligent case selection and improved outcomes (White and others 2013). It is essential to maintain the correct pressure while injecting. Tissues can be damaged by excessive pressure whilst insufficient pressure can result in uneven dispersion of the.

[Audio] embalming fluid. Embalming techniques are based on the principle of a uniform distribution of embalming solution throughout the body with variations in concentration and volume based on factors such as body weight decay and dehydration(Sa and others 2016) The choice of embalming fluid is determined by several criteria including the expected duration between death and final disposition the prevailing climatic conditions and the overall state of the body. An example is the use of some modified embalming fluid composition including antifungal agent which improves cadaver preservation and long-lastingness in hot and humid places like Uttar Pradesh India (Mishra and others 2016). Advantages of arterial embalming Arterial embalming technique guarantees comprehensive conservation and is highly efficient in preserving the corpse for long duration making it well-suited for anatomical research and forensic inquiries. It enables the retention of the body's inherent appearance which is essential for educational objectives. This improved embalming procedure effectively preserves cadavers for anatomical study (Bradbury and others 1978). The procedure of arterial injection involves directly delivering embalming fluid to the tissues which successfully stops the breakdown process. One of the major determining factors on the suitability of specimens for surgical workshops is the fluid used for embalming (Jaung and others 2011). 2.1.2 Hypodermic embalming Hypodermic embalming is the process of injecting embalming fluid directly into the tissues of a deceased person using a hypodermic needle. Hypodermic embalming is employed to address regions of the body that have not been adequately reached through arterial embalming. Hypodermic embalming is a specialized technique used by embalmers to complement the main ways of injecting.

[Audio] embalming fluid into the arteries and treating body cavities. Embalming the body before autopsy does not significantly change postmortem appearances but additional stages of cavity preparation may cause significant changes (Foraker and Joel 1964). The process entails the direct injection of embalming chemicals into tissues using hypodermic needles and syringes. The treatment of the dead body with aqueous solution of soluble germicidal and preservative chemicals by way of vascular and a cavity injection to prevent putrefaction is called “embalming” (Batra and others 2010). Hypodermic embalming treatment targets specific issues such as localized discoloration dehydration or injuries that necessitate extra care and attention. This technique can be employed for tissue reconstruction wherein targeted substances are injected to rejuvenate sunken facial structures or repair injuries resulting in a more authentic aesthetic. This method is suitable for regions characterized by restricted blood circulation such as the extremities including the hands feet fingertips and facial. An embalming mixture containing formalin methanol and water in equal proportion is suitable for arresting early decomposition of these parts using arterial and hypodermic embalming techniques (Onyejike et Al 2022) Procedure for hypodermic embalming involves direct injection of embalming fluid into the tissues using hypodermic needles. It is commonly employed for targeted conservation particularly in situations where decay has initiated in certain regions. Hypodermic embalming involves the insertion of needles into the tissues and the injection of embalming fluid until the appropriate level of preservation is attained. The embalmer recognizes the specific region that necessitates further treatment. An appropriately sized hypodermic needle is chosen based on the specific tissue being injected and the intended result. An appropriate embalming solution is selected taking into account criteria such as the specific tissue and the overall objectives of the embalming process. The embalmer.

[Audio] meticulously administers the solution into the specific region guaranteeing even dispersion and preventing excessive saturation (Brenner 2014). Hypodermic technique of embalming is easy to reproduce affordable and quick (Pires and others Souza 2010). It offers a focused strategy for addressing certain areas that require particular attention enables a more authentic and realistic reconstruction of facial features and limbs. Can be utilized for modest tissue augmentation and contouring (Charlier 2006). 2.1.3 Surface Embalming Surface Embalming is the process of physically applying embalming chemicals onto the surface of the body. It is an additional method employed by morticians to improve the conservation and aesthetic of the deceased's external features. Modern embalming in America was developed by Carl L Barnes who developed techniques to circulate fluids throughout the human body based on experimental medicine and the anatomy of blood vessels (Podgorny 2011). Contrary to arterial embalming and cavity therapy which primarily aim to preserve the interior organs surface embalming specifically targets the skin and other superficial region. Surface embalming usually supplements the other methods particularly for noticeable harmed body parts like the skin (Godswill and others 2022). This procedure involves the use of gels or surface packs that are soaked with embalming fluid to treat specific areas such as the skin and superficial tissues. It is frequently employed in conjunction with other embalming methods to guarantee thorough preservation. Surface embalming is very beneficial for addressing regions that have experienced trauma or have wounds. The embalming process effectively eliminates detectable microbes in about 51% of cadavers reducing the risk of infection for staff and students with prolonged storage at 4 degrees celsius further reducing bacteria (Uy and others 2022)..

[Audio] Surface embalming can effectively treat specific areas of skin discoloration resulting from factors such as blood pooling or post-mortem lucidity (discoloration produced by gravity. Minor wounds scrapes or surgical cuts can be improved by surface embalming methods to enhance preservation and achieve a more visually appealing look. The condition of having dehydrated skin can be remedied by applying surface embalming treatments which help to restore a more authentic texture and fullness. Surface embalming is also essential for maintaining the skin in cases of skin donation ensuring its suitability for transplantation via surface cooling during skin transplantation can preserve tissue viability and reduce oxygen consumption and metabolism with no significant adverse effects on revascularization (Shen 1992). Techniques of surface embalming involve topical application and injection. Topical application involves direct application of embalming fluid to the skin by spreading or spraying while injections involves the use of hypodermic needle to administer embalming fluids directly to specific regions especially for injuries or locations necessitating more extensive care. Surface embalming enhances the aesthetic by effectively treating pigmentation and lack of moisture aids in maintaining the integrity of minor wounds and surgical cuts to ensure a more respectful appearance. Surface embalming should not be used as a replacement for thorough arterial embalming and cavity treatment. The embalmer must select the suitable surface embalming technique and solution according to the individual requirements of each instance. When dealing with surface embalming chemicals it is essential to use appropriate personal protective equipment (P-P-E--) much like in other embalming operations. In addition continual research is being conducted to create alternative embalming fluids that possess reduced harmful characteristics. This has the potential to result in progress in surface embalming techniques in the future (Brenner 2014). Eco-friendly embalming technique is the creation of environmentally friendly.

[Audio] embalming methods that strive to minimize the ecological consequences of conventional embalming fluids. Conventional embalming methods mainly depend on the use of formaldehyde a powerful disinfectant that poses substantial environmental and health risks. Nevertheless the increase of environmental awareness has sparked a growing fascination with alternative embalming methods that aim to reduce the negative effects on the environment. Essential oils and honey have shown potential as effective environmentally friendly alternatives to formalin(Sataparthy and kar 2023) The growing awareness of the adverse effects of formalin on human health and the environment has led to increased demand for alternative embalming fluids that offer comparable preservation quality without the risks (Mangalagiri and others 2015) 2.1.4 Cavity Embalming Cavity embalming is a supplementary method to arterial embalming that focuses on treating the internal cavities of the body. Embalming encompasses more than just the process of injecting embalming fluid into the arteries. Internal organs are prone to quick decay requiring extra precautions. Licensed embalmers utilize a range of methods for treating cavities. Cavity embalming is the suction of fluids of the cadaver and the infusing the solution into body cavities by using an aspirator and trocar ( Godswill and others 2022). 2.2 Chemical agents involved in preservation of bodies. Embalming techniques for human tissue preservation vary based on the desired outcome and need to be standardized to improve accuracy longevity and reduce health risks ( Balta and others 2015). The process of embalming and body preservation utilizes a range of chemical substances to inhibit decay sterilize tissues and uphold a realistic appearance. The composition of these compounds may differ based on the particular preservation technique employed..

[Audio] Chemicals used in Body Preservation (a) Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is the predominant preservative employed in embalming procedures. Formaldehyde remains the current fixative of choice in embalming solutions due to its ability to remove the food source for tissue degrading bacteria by permanently denaturing cellular proteins. This ensures long term survival of the tissue for use in teaching Anatomy but there are some limitations in using this method; most notably flexibility of the tissue (Sparey 2012) Composition: Formaldehyde exists in its pure form as a gaseous state. Formalin a 37% aqueous solution is commonly employed in the process of embalming. Properties: This substance is a powerful disinfectant and preservative. It functions by forming chemical bonds between proteins which efficiently preserves tissues and inhibits the growth of germs. Concentration: Generally employed in embalming fluids at quantities ranging from 5% to 40%. Benefits: This method is extremely efficient in maintaining the integrity of tissues and ensuring long-lasting preservation. Drawbacks: It is a recognized carcinogen and can present health problems to embalmers as well as environmental risks. Use: Primarily employed for arterial injection due to its high efficacy. It has excellent tissue penetration ensuring comprehensive preservation. (b) Glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde is a substitute for formaldehyde that is frequently employed in environmentally friendly embalming procedures. Glutaraldehyde was catalogued as a typically reactive aldehyde and.

[Audio] was used for various chemical syntheses of more complex chemicals in laboratories and its properties were moderately investigated (Godswill and others 2022) Composition: An organic chemical that has a comparable structure to formaldehyde. Properties: This compound is a dialdehyde that possesses potent properties as a preservative and disinfectant. It exhibits less volatility and possesses a lesser odor in comparison to formaldehyde. Concentration: Utilized in comparable proportions as formaldehyde in embalming fluids. Benefits: Reduced toxicity and enhanced safety for both the embalmer and the environment. Offers efficient conservation. Drawbacks: May incur higher costs compared to formaldehyde. Glutaraldehyde possesses the potential to cause irritation to the skin and eyes. Adhering to safe handling techniques is essential. Application: Occasionally employed in arterial injection fluids or for surface embalming of certain regions as it exhibits slower tissue penetration in comparison to formaldehyde. Glutaraldehyde has minimal effects on tissue protein banding patterns (Kirkeby and Mo 1986). (c) Methanol Methanol is frequently employed as a stabilizer in embalming fluids. Methyl alcohol is toxic to organisms and also has disinfectant properties (Bradbury and Hoshino 1978). Composition: An uncomplicated alcoholic compound. Characteristics: An simple alcohol that functions as a solvent and preservative. Additionally it possesses disinfectant effects. Concentration: Generally comprises 5% to 15% of the overall content of embalming fluid. Benefits: Facilitates the stabilization of formaldehyde solutions and inhibits polymerization. Drawbacks: Possesses toxicity when consumed breathed or absorbed via the skin..

[Audio] Application: Commonly present in the majority of arterial injection fluids in conjunction with formaldehyde (Ajileye et al 2018). (d) Phenol Phenol is a chemical compound. Phenol or carbolic acid is utilised for its potent preservative and disinfecting qualities due to its ability to deeply penetrate substances. Phenol was introduced to anatomical embalming by Lawskowki (1886) in the mid-19th century (Brenner 2014). Characteristics: A potent aromatic chemical that alters the structure of proteins and disturbs the integrity of cell membranes. Concentration: Employed in diluted amounts in embalming fluids. Benefits: Highly efficient in sterilizing and conserving tissues particularly in the process of cavity embalming. Drawbacks: Exhibits high corrosiveness and can induce chemical burns; poses toxicity risks when handled. Modern practice: The utilization of phenol in embalming has greatly diminished in numerous regions across the globe due to the substantial health and environmental hazards it poses. It has been mostly substituted by formaldehyde-based solutions and other less harmful alternatives. Phenol although previously commonly used in embalming has been replaced in modern procedures due to its dangerous properties. When choosing embalming fluids it is crucial to give top priority to the safety of both embalmers and the environment Safety considerations for embalmers include reducing potential biohazards minimizing environmental chemical hazards and retaining color of tissues and organs (Coleman and Kogan 1998). (e)Ethanol and isopropyl.

[Audio] Ethanol and isopropanol Ethanol and isopropanol are alcohols commonly employed as preservatives and disinfectants. In embalming settings ethanol is widely used as alcoholic solvent and anti-infective agent while isopropanol which is readily available is considered a better germicidal and antiseptic agent than ethanol (Godswill and others 2022) Properties: Both alcohols function by removing moisture from tissues and eliminating germs. Ethanol is obtained from organic sources whereas isopropanol is artificially produced. Concentration: Generally utilised within the range of 50% to 90%. Benefits: Efficient preservatives that are less harmful than formaldehyde. Utilised in environmentally sustainable embalming solutions. Drawbacks: Prone to combustion and necessitate cautious handling. Glycerin: Glycerin is a hygroscopic substance employed to avert desiccation of tissues. Characteristics: A harmless thick liquid that has the ability to hold moisture. Concentration: Employed in different quantities based on the intended outcome. Benefits: Assists in preserving tissue flexibility and achieving a realistic appearance. Drawbacks: Lacks inherent potent preservation qualities. Ethanol's preservative formula preserves better tissue quality in terms of color and odor compared to formalin's preservative formula but not consistency (Shian and others 2016) (f) Sorbitol Sorbitol is another humectant used in embalming fluids. Sorbitol can be used as a replacement for glycerine (Richins and others 1963) Properties: A sugar alcohol that retains moisture in tissues. Concentration: Similar to glycerin used in varying amounts..

[Audio] Benefits: Non-toxic and biodegradable contributing to eco-friendly embalming. Drawbacks: Limited preservative properties. Essential oils and plant Extracts: Essential oils and extracts derived from plants Eco-friendly embalming procedures utilize natural preservatives. Properties: Clove eucalyptus and tea tree oil possess antibacterial capabilities due to their essential oil composition. Concentration: Employed in different strengths based on the particular oil and the intended preservation outcome. Benefits: Non-toxic easily degradable and has a lovely aroma. Using sorbitol in anatomical embalming results in better preservation of specimens and a dissection room free of unpleasant smell (elmetwally and others 2021). (g)Enzymes Enzymes are utilized in enzyme-based embalming solutions to decelerate the process of decomposition (Robinson 2015). Properties: Proteolytic enzymes possess the ability to hinder bacterial proliferation and decelerate the degradation of tissues by enzymatically breaking down proteins. Concentration: The specific concentrations differ depending on the formulation. Benefits: This substance is both non-toxic and highly effective in slowing down the process of disintegration. Drawbacks: is more expensive and requires more precautions to minimize potential health hazards than ethanol-glycerin fixation (Hammer and others 2015)..

[Audio] The preservation of bodies entails the use of different chemical agents each possessing distinct qualities benefits and drawbacks. Although classic chemicals like formaldehyde and phenol have proven to be highly efficient there is a growing preference for eco-friendly alternatives such as glutaraldehyde ethanol essential oils and enzymes. These alternatives are gaining favour because they have lower levels of toxicity and are less harmful to the environment. The selection of chemicals is contingent upon the specific criteria of the preservation procedure and the desired equilibrium between efficacy and safety. A two-step procedure for evaluating workplace mixtures of chemicals involves estimating the relative health risk of each chemical and predicting the risk associated with exposure to the mixture (Feron and others 1995). Embalming fluids should ensure that there is no risk or fear of infection on contact with the dead body: they should ensure preservation of the body and the prevention of putrefaction changes and disturbances and prevent contamination with insects and maggots. Attempts have also been made to produce without mutilation a natural colour and effect of the body (Ajumani 1998). 2.3 Alternative Embalming Fluids (a) Non-formaldehyde embalming fluids: These options substitute formaldehyde with other disinfecting and preserving agents frequently obtained from biological sources or less dangerous molecules. In order to solve the problems caused by formaldehyde improved non-formaldehyde preservatives were invented some examples of substances are glutaraldehyde ethanol and propanol (Shi et al 2011) Advantages of Non-formaldehyde embalming fluids.

[Audio] Decreased ecological footprint and potentially decreased health hazards for embalmers in comparison to formaldehyde. The effectiveness of these fluids may differ from formaldehyde and the rules governing their usage may vary depending on the location (Ferreira and others 2017). (b) Biologically-based embalming: This approach harnesses indigenous bacteria or bacterial enzymes to facilitate a regulated breakdown process while suppressing the proliferation of detrimental microorganisms (Brenner 2014). Advantages of biologically-based embalming: Environmental friendly and potential economically in comparison to conventional approach. This product is still being developed and its long-term effectiveness and approval by regulatory authorities are still being studied (W-H-O--) (c) Refrigeration: The deceased individual is stored in a refrigerated setting in order to decelerate the process of decomposition. The main purpose of refrigeration at 4 degrees celsius is to slow down the decomposition of the corpse as well as the temporary disruption of the activity and development of bacteria (Magni et Al. 2016). Advantages of Refrigeration This procedure is uncomplicated easily accessible and has a little effect on the environment (Theeuwes 2017). This approach is not suitable for extended periods and necessitates access to suitable refrigerated facilities. Embalming body donors without formaldehyde completely is not feasible and reducing exposure involves technical and organizational measures. It may not be universally applicable due to cultural or religious constraints (Waschke and others 2018). (d) Alkaline Hydrolysis (Resomation): This aqueous method employs a solution of potassium hydroxide and water to delicately decompose the body into a germ-free liquid and bits of.

[Audio] bone. After complying with environmental requirements the liquid is discharged into the sewer system while the bone fragments are incinerated (Robinson 2021). Advantages of Alkaline Hydrolysis : Environmentally friendly option with a reduced carbon footprint in comparison to conventional cremation methods. It is more energy efficient and has a greater impact on carbon emission reduction (Lee et Al. 2022). The technology is not yet generally accessible and the legislation governing its usage may differ depending on the geographical area. The accessibility and acceptance of environmentally-friendly embalming methods are constantly developing. It is imperative to engage in a conversation with a funeral expert in order to ascertain the most appropriate and lawful approach taking into account your personal preferences and the legislation in your locality. Funeral directors play a significant role in articulating the boundaries of appropriate funeral behavior by accentuating the importance of “authenticity ”“dignity ” and “healthy grief" (Schafer 2007). Chapter Three 3.0 Discussion 3.1 Role in Autopsy and Forensic Investigations Embalming and body preservation are essential components of autopsy and forensic investigations. Medico legal investigation of death in the past decade has assumed an increasingly important role extending far beyond the immediate investigation of suspected homicide suicide or accidental death (Spain 1973). To maintain the integrity and accuracy of these processes it is crucial to adequately prepare corpses preserve evidence and strictly to follow legal and ethical requirements.

[Audio] (Schwarz and others 2021). This section provides a more in-depth exploration of these characteristics highlighting the significance and approach of each. 3.2 Significance and approach of Preparation and Preservation of Corpses 3.2.1 Preparation of Bodies for Autopsy The initial stage of an autopsy includes a comprehensive exterior inspection of the corpse. Thorough preparation guarantees that the body is in an appropriate state for this initial evaluation. This task entails recording any observable indications of injury illness or other forensic indicators. Forensic pathology advances in identifying victims establishing causes of death and reconstructing circumstances have significantly influenced justice and healthcare delivery (Codber and others 2022). 3.2.2 Techniques Involved in Preparation of Bodies for Autopsy (a) Washing and Cleaning: The body undergoes a meticulous cleansing process to eliminate any extraneous particles or impurities. Frequently this procedure entails the utilization of antiseptic treatments to guarantee comprehensive cleansing before proceeding with cleaning exhaustive examination and sampling must be carried out (Mazzarrelli et Al 2021). (b) Positioning: The body is positioned on the autopsy table in a manner that facilitates convenient access and thorough inspection. This involves placing the body in a supine posture the subject is usually placed on anatomical position on a flat surface; there are four possible sites for inserting the perfusing cannulae. These are both femoral and common carotid arteries. and making any necessary changes to the arrangement of the limbs and head. Optimal placement is crucial for the pathologist to gain access to all requisite locations for examination (Ajileye and others 2018)..

[Audio] (c) Marking: Prior to commencing the autopsy any visible exterior markings such as tattoos scars or injuries are recorded and captured in photographs. This documentation is an essential record for forensic analysis and judicial processes ( Ajileye and others 2018). (d) Incisions: The usual approach involves making a Y-shaped incision from the shoulders to the sternum and down to the pubic bone. This allows for access to important bodily compartments. The accuracy of these cuts is crucial for maintaining the integrity of internal structures for analysis ( Souchon 1911). 3.2.3 Chemical Agents used in the Preparation of Bodies for Autopsy: (a) Formaldehyde: is employed for the purpose of preserving body tissues and inhibiting breakdown. Due to its ability to form cross-links between proteins it is commonly used in embalming fluids (Brenner 2014). (b) Phenol: is utilized for its disinfectant qualities. It aids in ensuring that the body is devoid of harmful bacteria that could jeopardize the autopsy findings. Phenol-based embalming preserves neural tissue at the histological level perhaps superiorly compared to formaldehyde-fixed samples ( Tomalty et al 2018). (c) Alcohol: specifically ethanol and isopropanol is utilized for the purposes of cleaning and preservation. Alcohols possess the ability to both remove moisture from tissues and Phenoxyethanol-based embalming provides esthetic durable and odorless tissues with minimal formaldehyde use and positive learning outcomes for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching (Crosado and others 2019). Preservation of Evidence: The integrity of the findings is maintained through proper preservation which ensures the body remains in a stable condition preventing any post-mortem alterations that could potentially invalidate the autopsy findings. Ensuring the integrity of forensic evidence such as.

[Audio] wounds bruises and other trauma indications is of utmost importance. It is crucial for ensuring long-term structural preservation of organs and tissues reducing potential biohazards and maintaining color retention (Coleman and Kogan 1998). Forensic Analysis: Ensuring the preservation of evidence including injuries toxicological samples and biological materials to provide precise analysis. Preserving this evidence is crucial for the ensuing judicial proceedings and forensic investigations. Historical Methods of Evidence Preservation in Forensic Investigations: Throughout the years the techniques for preserving evidence in forensic investigations have undergone substantial advancements. Historical methodologies established the foundation for current procedures while frequently lacking the accuracy and dependability of present-day techniques. 3.3 Significant historical techniques: Mummification: Mummification serves a specific purpose and holds great significance. Mummification had the dual purpose of preserving the body for the hereafter and offering valuable knowledge about ancient preservation methods. Cultural Significance: Mummification held profound religious and cultural significance especially in ancient Egypt. Procedure: Desiccation: The bodies were dehydrated by applying natron a natural mixture of salts in order to eliminate moisture and avoid decomposition. Evisceration: refers to the removal of internal organs which were occasionally kept in canopic jars to prevent bacterial deterioration. Resins and oil: The bodies were preserved and the scents were masked by treating them with resins oils and perfumes..

[Audio] Effectiveness: Mummified bodies have endured for millennia retaining their original state and offering invaluable insights for archaeology and forensics. Limitations: The procedure was characterized by a significant investment of time and resources and it was predominantly accessible to the privileged few. Early chemical preservation: The objective and Significance was to prevent decomposition early chemical preservatives were developed with the goal of inhibiting microbial development and slowing down the process of decay. Ancient Egyptian embalming materials including guaiacol were effective in preserving tissue and bones (Koller and others 2005). These techniques were employed in anatomical research forensic inquiries and in times of epidemics to conserve corpses for inspection purposes. Methods: Alcohol was employed as a means of preserving bodies and tissues with brandy or wine being commonly utilized for this purpose. The mechanism of action involved in its efficacy is the dehydration and eradication of germs. Arsenic and mercury: which possess antibacterial capabilities were utilized as preservatives owing to their toxic nature. Salting and Pickling: Salt and vinegar were used to preserve biological tissues by removing moisture and increasing acidity. Effectiveness: Temporary preservation: Interim conservation techniques were employed which however frequently resulted in modifications to the visual and tactile qualities of the tissues. Health Hazards: The utilization of poisonous substances presented substantial health dangers to individuals who were in charge of handling embalmed corpses..