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D R UK G Y AL P O J I GME WA N GCHU C K - The Consolidator “ Sa f e gua r d the kin g d o m ’ s se c u r ity and to c re a te a f air and just so c ie t y ”..

R e f o r m of the a d m i n is t r ative and tax a tion syste m s His M a jes t y a dopted t h e str a t e g y o f low e ri n g ta x e s b y c ur t a iling g o v e rnm e nt e x p e nditure throu g h st r ea mli n ing the distri c t administr a tion. Ad m i n ist r ative re f o r m s The King st a rt e d a ppoin t ing the r e g ional Po e nlops a nd distri c t D z on g po e ns. The ce nt r a l g ov e rnm e nt w a s maint a ined in a sma l l and c ompa c t f o rm w ith the K ing a s its h ea d . K ing w a s a ssisted b y fo u r of f i c e r b ea r e rs o f minist e ri a l r a nk c onstituting t h e N a n g i L h e ng y e Zhi ( ནང་ ག ི་ ་ ལྷན ་ རྒྱ ས ་བཞི་ - the C e nt r a l C a binet) Z hu n g K a l y o e n ( གཞུང་བཀ འ ་བློན་ - g ov e rn m e nt ministe r ) the Z hu n g D r o e n y e r ( གཞུང ་ མགློན ་ གཉེ ར ་ - g ov e rnm e nt g u e stm a ste r ) the Z hu n g Z impo e n o r Gon g z im ( གཞུང་ ག ཟ ི མ་ ད པ ློན་ གློང ་ གཟ ི མ་ - g ov e rn m e nt ch a mb e rl a in) And the Thimphu p - Pun a p ( ཐིམ་ཕ ུཔ ་མ ་ ྤ྄ ན པ ་ - the c ombin e d of f i c e of the Dzo n gpo e n of Thimphu a nd Pun a kh a ).

Abolishing the post of drun g p a s ( དྲ ུ ང་ པ ་ - ་ sub - divisional a dministr a to r ) L o w e ri n g the r a nk of d z on g tshabs ( ར ློང་ ཚ བ ་ - ac ti n g d z on g po e ns ) Da g a Dzo n g po e n w a s redu ce d its st a tus D r uk G y a lpo J i g me W a n g c h u c k soon su c c ee d e d in e stablishing tot a l suprema c y of the mon a r c h y throu g hout the ki n g dom. Taxation re f o r m s Th e re w a s c omplic a ted p a tt e rn of ta x a tion that w a s both unpr o du c tive t o the g o v e rnm e nt a nd h ea v y a nd u n e v e n on the p e ople. So the king s e t in mot i on a massive prog r a m of tax r e fo r ms sta r ting f r om the distri c t of B umth a n g whi c h r e sult e d in abolishing obli g a tion to supp l y fi re wood a nd h a y to the lo ca l d z on g s “ c loth ta x ” – the obli g a t i on to w ea ve c loth for the d z on g s A f r e e p o rt e rage s e rv i c e for the tr a nsport of g ov e rnm e nt g oods but made l e nient so a s y stem of p a y m e nt for s u c h labour w a s introd u ce d for the f irst tim e ..

L e gal R e f o r m s His M a jes t y did a w a y with a ll the h a rsher forms of punishment of c r iminals. All tr a ditional methods of disp e nsing j u sti c e su c h a s; c onvict e d murder e rs w e r e thro w n into riv e rs tied t o the bodi e s of th e ir vi c t i ms I mposition of fin e s f o r off e n c e s w a s su c h t h a t f e l ons b eca me r e du c e d to a bsolute pov e r t y without hope of r ec o v e r y Run a w a y sla v e s a nd p r isone r s h a d their A c hille s ’ tendon c ut, t h e r e b y r e nd e ri n g them c rippl e s for lif e . R e ligio u s re f o r m s The C e ntr a l Monk B ody a nd the re g ional r a b d e y s were bro u g ht c loser within the ce ntr a l a dministr a tive ma c hine r y . Appointed of J e- Kh e np o s F our L op e ns a ppointment made subj ec ted to r o y a l e ndors e ment Suppo r t of monks for higher studi e s a nd invitation of Hi g h Ti b e tan l a mas and s c hola r s.

The king a lso e n c our a g e d a nd sponso r e d l a y m e n to stu d y t r a ditional medi c ine a nd a strolo g y in the most r e p uted institutes of Tib e t. Sh a y d r a s ( བ ཤད ་ ་ c oll e g e s of B uddhist studi e s), we re a tt a c h e d to both the monaste r ies a nd r e nown e d B uddhist t eac h e rs a ppoint e d a s the i r a b b ots . Effo r ts t o w a r d m od er n d e v e lo p me nt The King w a s k ee n l y i nte r e sted to introdu c e some d e gr e e of mod e rn d e v e lopm e nt. So His M a jes t y Propos e d improv e ment of c ommunic a tions a nd fo r e st c ons e r v a tion b e sides h ea lth a nd e du ca tion s e rv i ce s. The two s c hools in H a a an d W a n g due Cho e li n g w e re improv e d a nd u n g r a d e d. L a t e r in t h e 1940s, s e v e r a l n e w prim a r y s c ho o ls ca me to b e e stablis h e d within the kin g dom.

His M a jes t y k e e n l y pur s u e d w a s the impro v e m e nt of public h ea lth s e rv i ce s. T h e refo r e , initi a ted g a ll a nt e f f orts in c ombating e pidemics w i th his own limited p r iva t e r e sou r ce s. F ift ee n y ou n g men, r e cr uit e d a nd s e l e c ted for t ra ining with the B ritish ar m y a t Shillon g , r e turn e d to f o rm the c o r e of Bhutan ’ s fi r st s t and i ng a r m y. The s ec ond D r uk G y a l po ’ s a rmou r y of five hu n dr e d mode r n ri f l e s incr ea s e d to more than two thous a nd with B ritish h e lp. F o r e ign re lations D r uk G y a lpo J i g me Wa ng c hu c k w a s the f i rst B hutan e s e le a d e r to be ful l y e x pos e d to the intri c ac ies of for e i g n poli c y . The w o rld w a s in turmoil throu g h much of his r e i g n, D r uk G y a lpo J i g me W a ng c hu c k m a int a ined the a g e - old poli c y (policy of isolation ) . H is maj e s t y steer e d his kin g dom uns ca thed t h ro u g h T he G r e a t D e p r e ssion ( 1 930s) a nd The S ec ond W orld W a r (193 9 - 1945 ) ..

1. B il a ter a l r e lations with the B rit i sh were c ond u c ted th r ou g h t h e British P oliti ca l O f f i c e r b a s e d a t G a n g tok in Sikkim. D r uk G y a lpo w a s p r e s e nted with the insi g nia o f the Kni g ht Comm a nd e r of the I ndian Empire ( K .C . I .E) in 194 7 . D r uk G y a lpo J i g me Wa n g c h u c k h a d tri e d to make his ca se with the British C a binet Mission, whi c h h a d b e e n a ppoint e d to d r a w up plans for I ndian inde p e nd e n ce . I t c laimed that B hutan w a s n e v e r a p a rt of the B ritish Empi r e a nd that its indep e n d e n t status must be maintain e d. I n the y e a r 1947, t h e G o v e rnm e nt of I ndia invit e d B hutan to a tt e nd the A sian R e lations Conf e r e n c e in N e w De l hi . On A u g ust 8, 1949, the Indi a - B hutan t r ea t y w a s s i g n e d a t Darj e e li n g , whi c h r e plac e d the Pun a kha T r e a t of 1910. W hile the two c ountri e s pledg e d mutu a l f r iendsh i p a nd p e a c e in p e rp e tui t y , so m e of the l e g a c ies of the old A n g l o- B hutan e s e tr e a t y h a d to be c a r ri e d ov e r. Thir t y - two sq u a r e kilomet e r of t e r r ito r y in D e otha n g w a s r e t u rn e d to B hutan e s e sov e r e i g n t y ..

Conclusion Althou g h D r uk G y a lpo J i g me W a n g c hu c k su cc ee d e d to a s ec u r e d thr o ne in 1926, B huta n’ s mona r c h y w a s on l y nine t ee n y e a rs in the mak i n g . His long r e i g n of t w e n t y five y e a rs, m a rk e d b y f irm discipline a nd ord e r , c onsolidat e d the i n t e r nal u nity of the c ount r y ac hiev e d b y his f a th e r. The slow a nd meticulo u s r e fo r ms he initi a ted c r e a ted t he sprin g b o a rd from whi c h his son a nd su cce ssor would lau n c h the c ount r y into the m od e rn e r a . W ith his st r ong a d h e r e n c e to the tr a ditional poli c y o f s e l f - isol a tion, c ombin e d with g e nuine f r iendship tow a rds n e i g hbou r i n g pow e rs , he k e pt B hutan s a f e l y outside the turmoil of politi ca l uph ea v a ls in the r e g ion a nd the wo r ld. Above a ll, with the si g ni n g of the 19 4 9 tr e a t y with indep e n d e nt I ndia, King J i g me W a n g c h u c k fin a l l y s ec u r e d B huta n ’ s st a tus as a s ov e r e i g n n a tion. I n his a n a l y sis of the histori c a l role of D r uk G y a l po Ji g me W a n g c h u c k, D r. Mich a e l A r is w r it e s in his book, The R a v e n Cro w n : “If t h e pri m ary duty of a h e r e ditary ruler is t o b e qu e ath to his h e irs a stable t h rone in a ki n gd o m wh o se so ve r e i g nty is ass u r e d, it m ay be said this k i ng did so i n full m e asur e ”..

THANK YOU. Karma Lekshey Dema IX A.