Digestive System Part 2

[Virtual Presenter] Welcome everyone, Today we will be discussing the care of adult patients with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and the liver, biliary tract, pancreas and nutritional disorders. We'll be taking a look at the various aspects of these conditions and discussing the possible treatments and management strategies. I hope you find this information useful and beneficial. Let us begin..

[Audio] Understand the structure and functioning of the adult gastrointestinal system and the effects of various disorders is essential for healthcare providers. This session will provide an overview, followed by a detailed presentation of upper gastrointestinal disorders. You will learn about diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with these conditions which will be highly valuable in patient care..

[Audio] We'll be discussing the care of adult patients with gastrointestinal disorders. We'll start by going over some of the common gastrointestinal disorders, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and any necessary lifestyle modifications for optimal long-term care..

[Audio] We will begin by exploring the different types of disorders of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas and their corresponding treatments. Subsequently, we will examine the various management strategies that can be employed in order to address the patients' conditions. This will be based on class discussion and the information provided..

OBJECTIVES • Describe correctly the lower gastro-intestinal disorders based on information in text and class discuss • Outline the management of the adult patient with lower gastro-intestinal disorders based on class discussion.

[Audio] The digestive system is an intricate but effective system of organs, tissues, and cells which permit us to break down food, absorb nutrients, and dispose of waste from our body. It consists of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and performs much more than just digesting food; it also has a hand in our general well-being. Comprehending the fundamentals of the digestive system can help to recognize symptoms of disorders. Moving on, disorders of the digestive system may vary from moderate and curable to serious and dangerous. We will examine the causes, symptoms, and treatments for different disorders of the digestive system, as well as techniques to diminish the risks of getting them. Furthermore, we will review how to provide thorough care for adult patients affected by these disorders..

[Audio] We will look at the components of the gastrointestinal system that helps digest and absorb food. This includes the GI tract, composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Additionally, there are accessory digestive organs such as the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. These organs all contribute to the body's reception and processing of nutrients..

[Audio] The digestive system is fundamental for the breakdown of food, allowing the body to acquire the nutrients and energy it requires to sustain itself. This system encompasses the functions of ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and excretion. Comprehending how all of these processes interact is essential for providing optimal care to those suffering from gastrointestinal disorders..

[Audio] Gastrointestinal diseases can have a serious effect on a patient's nutrition, so it is important to understand the different types of malnutrition that may occur. Malnutrition is divided into two categories: protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient malnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition results from insufficient caloric and/or protein intake. Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition and is characterized by an extreme lack of energy and protein. Kwashiorkor, a milder form of protein-energy malnutrition, is marked by an adequate caloric intake but insufficient protein. Micronutrient malnutrition, also known as hidden hunger, is caused by inadequate intake of vital vitamins and minerals and may lead to an array of diseases and conditions, for example anemia, scurvy, and blindness. It is essential to be aware of these two types of malnutrition so that the adult patient with a gastrointestinal disorder can be given the proper care..

[Audio] Esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergies, infections, and certain medications. Treatment varies based on the cause and could involve lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, medications, or surgery. To ensure the best results for your health, it is important to consult a medical professional..

[Audio] We will discuss the disorders of the upper gastrointestinal system, which include temporomandibular disorders like myofascial pain, internal derangement of the joint, degenerative joint disease, and fractures of the bone. Parotitis, sialadenitis, sialolithiasis, and neoplasms will also be covered. Let us now take a look at the specifics of these disorders..

[Audio] Understanding and caring for an adult patient with disorders of the gastrointestinal system requires knowledge of the disorders that affect the teeth as well. Dental plaque is a bacterial infection that causes dental decay and cavities. Dental caries occur when bacteria feed on the sugars in food and damage the teeth. Periapical abscess is a bacterial infection in the roots of the teeth that can be painful. Malocclusion is when the upper and lower teeth do not align properly when the mouth is closed. Knowing these various disorders can help us provide better care to our adult patients with gastrointestinal disorders..

[Audio] Maintaining good dental health requires more than just brushing and flossing regularly. Reducing your intake of starches and sugars and maintaining proper nutrition is key. Additionally, fluoride application or drinking fluorinated water can help. Furthermore, other factors such as avoiding smoking and alcohol, controlling diabetes, and seeking regular dental care are also important for overall gastrointestinal health..

[Audio] When discussing the Care of the Adult Patient with Disorders of Gastrointestinal, the lips, mouth, and gums must be considered. Actinic cheilitis, herpes simplex 1 (cold sore) and chancre are all issues related to the lips. Leukoplakia, hairy leukoplakia, lichen planus, candidiasis and stomatitis are issues associated with the mouth, while gingivitis and periodontitis often affect the gums. Therefore, it is essential to consider the health of the lips, mouth, and gums to ensure the patient's overall wellbeing..

[Audio] Awareness of risk factors for oral cancer in adults is essential for healthcare professionals. The factors include tobacco usage, alcohol consumption, and higher incidence in males, people aged over 40, and African Americans. Oral cancer usually manifests as a squamous cell cancer and is most often found in the lips, lateral tongue, and floor of the mouth. Early diagnosis is a critical factor for successful treatment and a positive outcome for the patient..

[Audio] Discussing a presentation on the care for adult patients with gastrointestinal disorders, the focus is on manifestations of oral cancer. These may appear as a painless mass or sore which does not heal and is present for more than two weeks. Biopsy should be conducted if any such lesions are present. As the disease progresses, symptoms such as tenderness, difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking, coughing up blood tinged sputum, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes may occur. Should any of these be present, it is imperative to consult their health care provider..

[Audio] The medical management of Oral cancer can include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Each approach works to reduce the presence of cancerous cells in the body and offers potential cure to the patient. Consideration for each method depends on factors such as stage of cancer, patient's response to treatment, and overall goals of care..

[Audio] In assessing an adult patient with gastrointestinal disorders, it is essential to inspect and palpate the structures of the mouth and neck, as well as to obtain information about their oral hygiene and dental care, use of tobacco and alcohol, and eating and nutrition habits. This will give us a better understanding of the patient's overall health and enable us to provide the best possible care..

[Audio] As a nurse, we have the responsibility to care for patients with cancer of the oral cavity. This is a difficult task that demands us to be vigilant to detect and deal with multiple potential issues. These encompass compromised oral mucous membranes, nutritional imbalance, decreased body image, fear of pain and social alienation, pain, hindered verbal communication, chance of infection and absence of knowledge. We have to strive to guarantee our patient's needs are addressed and they feel secure and taken care of..

[Audio] Caring for an adult patient with gastrointestinal disorders requires keeping oral health in check. Oral cancer and impaired oral mucous membranes can have a significant impact on the patient's health. To reduce risk and ensure the patient's safety, dental care should be sought prior to surgery or radiation therapy. Gentle brushing and flossing is recommended, or, if that is not possible, alternative methods of cleaning and rinsing should be utilized to maintain optimal oral hygiene..

[Audio] In this slide, we will discuss the care of the adult patient with disorders of the gastrointestinal system, specifically oral cancer and how to care for a patient affected by this condition. Patient education about oral hygiene is important in the care of patients with oral cancer. Fluids should be encouraged to reduce dryness in the mouth. Additionally, there are products such as Oral Balance and Salagen that can be used to help provide moisture and stimulate saliva production..

[Audio] Assessing the nutritional requirements and dietary patterns of the adult patient with gastrointestinal disorders is essential in providing care. It is important to take into account the patient's preferences, as well as social and cultural factors, when making recommendations. Depending on the circumstances, it may also be necessary to perform a calorie count. In such cases, consulting a dietitian to determine if the diet is meeting the patient's health needs may be necessary..

[Audio] In this slide, we will look at other interventions for adult patients with gastrointestinal disorders. We need to promote a positive self-image for the patient. Listening to and accepting them, while encouraging them to express their feelings, is important. Referral to a support group, mental health professional, or spiritual advisor may be necessary to provide extra emotional aid. We should recommend avoiding hot, spicy, or hard food to reduce discomfort, and advise on proper oral care. Pain relief can be provided through medications such as viscous xylocaine, where necessary..

[Audio] Gastrointestinal disorders can cause a range of issues for adult patients, and this slide is focused on some of the interventions related to oral cancer. For effective communication, prior to the procedure, it is important to assess the patient's writing ability and to plan for communication. This can include the use of communication boards or pencil and paper, as well as the use of speech therapy. To prevent infection, it is necessary to assess for signs and symptoms of infections and to provide appropriate wound and skin care. Finally, it is also important to provide patient teaching on the topic..

[Audio] We need to be aware as healthcare professionals of the impact that radical neck dissections may have on our patients. This operation involves removing the lymph nodes and other structures from the neck, including some muscles and other tissue. Selective radical neck dissection is a modified version of a radical neck dissection and is often used for advanced throat cancer. This procedure consists of removing a targeted number of lymph nodes and other tissue. We have to be mindful that our patients may have short-term or long-term side effects such as nerve damage which can result in difficulty swallowing and speaking. It is of utmost importance that we monitor our patients for signs of lymphoedema, a condition caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid which can lead to swelling and discomfort..

[Audio] Before a radical neck dissection, the patient's knowledge should be evaluated to identify any risks of complications. After the surgery, the patient's airway and breathing, pain levels, potential bleeding and the drainage system should be monitored carefully. Keeping track of all these elements is key to providing high quality care for the patient..

[Audio] Gastrointestinal disorders can significantly affect a person's wellbeing. These disorders can cover a range of ailments from irritable bowel syndrome to life-threatening illnesses, and can cause constant discomfort and the malabsorption of vital nutrients. Achieving successful medical management of these intricate disorders is dependent on a mutual understanding between the patient and healthcare providers, along with education regarding dietary changes and/or medication treatments. Ultimately, managing gastrointestinal disorders needs a cooperative effort between the patient and the care team..

[Audio] Lower gastro-intestinal disorders are a group of conditions that affect the lower portion of the digestive system. These include gastroenteritis, malabsorption syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, appendicitis, peritonitis, and diverticulosis. Each disorder has a unique presentation and can have a considerable impact on an individual's life. To effectively manage these conditions an accurate diagnosis, appropriate care, and effective treatment are essential..

[Audio] We will cover lower gastrointestinal disorders such as cancer of the colon and rectum, ileostomy and colostomy done either transversely or in the sigmoid section, and hernias. Various treatments are available for each of these conditions, and we will go over the criteria for each..

[Audio] Gastroenteritis is a disorder that affects adults, demonstrating symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. Treatment of this condition depends on its root cause, which can range from increasing water intake to needing specific medications. Prevention of gastroenteritis is likewise essential; practices such as proper hygiene and abstaining from contaminated food and water should be kept in mind..

[Audio] Gastroenteritis is a common illness among adults, caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or bacterial toxins. Rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, campylobacter, giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium and staphylococcal toxins are some of the possible culprits. Knowing these potential causes can help in preventing and providing care for adult cases of gastroenteritis..

[Audio] Etiology of gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the digestive tract, is outlined in this slide. Drug-induced gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes, as certain medications, including antibiotics, can cause irritation and inflammation to the digestive tract. Patients need to be aware of how to manage their medications so they can reduce the risk of developing gastroenteritis..

[Audio] Moving onto the topic of clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis, let us further examine the signs and symptoms of this condition. Common complaints include loss of appetite, bloating, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps, body aches, bloody stools, pus in the stools, and lethargy..

[Audio] Gastroenteritis is a serious gastro-intestinal disorder with potential for severe symptoms and complications. In order to accurately diagnose and treat it, a comprehensive patient history and physical examination, as well as blood and stool tests, are required. The data obtained from these tests can provide greater insight into the illness and its source, allowing for proper treatment to be administered..

[Audio] Gastroenteritis is a common condition which requires careful management. Upon hospital admission, fluids must be administered to prevent dehydration. Furthermore, antibiotics, anti-diarrhea, and antihelminthic medications may be prescribed to reduce the symptoms associated with the condition..

[Audio] An assessment is necessary when dealing with a patient with Gastroenteritis. This assessment should include collecting a detailed history and performing a physical examination. This enables identification of any potential problems, such as a fluid volume deficit caused by vomiting, and acute pain related to abdominal distension. Moreover, it is also useful to identify any knowledge deficits the patient may have, such as a lack of information about the disease, its prognosis and treatment..

[Audio] To reduce the risk of gastroenteritis, it is essential to take proper prevention and safety measures when taking care of an adult patient with gastrointestinal disorders. Washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after going to the toilet, using disposable paper towels instead of cloth towels, making sure food is cooked thoroughly, and regularly cleaning the bathroom and toilet, especially the toilet seat, door handles and taps are some of the preventive measures that should be taken. When travelling to countries with poor sanitation, bottled water should always be the option of choice..

[Audio] Crohn's disease is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder that can affect the entire digestive tract. Symptoms can vary from mild abdominal pain and discomfort to severe, including severe inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption. Managing the symptoms of Crohn's disease can involve lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical interventions. It is essential to equip adult patients with the knowledge to understand how the disorder can impact the gastrointestinal system..

[Audio] Crohn's Disease is a disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The cause is not known, although it may be linked to an immune response or genetic predisposition. Symptoms can include abdominal cramping and pain, fatigue, and unexpected weight loss. Treatment can involve dietary and lifestyle changes, or medications such as immunomodulators or antibiotics, depending on the severity of the condition..

[Audio] Crohn's Disease and other gastrointestinal disorders can cause a multitude of uncomfortable symptoms, from abdominal pain and cramping to diarrhea, fever, weight loss, bloating, anal pain and drainage, rectal abscess, and fissures. Understanding the signs and symptoms of these conditions and seeking appropriate treatment is paramount in ensuring an optimal quality of life..

[Audio] An adult patient with disorders of gastrointestinal, such as Crohn's Disease, may require a variety of tests to get an accurate diagnosis. These tests can include a stool test, complete blood count (CBC), colonoscopy, CT scans, and Barium X-rays. With these tests, medical professionals can determine the course of treatment most suitable for the patient..

[Audio] Crohn's Disease Management will be the topic of discussion. The main points will be pharmacological agents, diet modifications and surgical intervention. Sulfasalazine, Cyclosporin and Metronidazole are some of the anti-inflammatory, immune suppressor and antibiotic drugs prescribed for the condition. To reduce symptoms, changes in the diet may be recommended. In extreme cases, surgery may be required..

[Audio] Assessing symptoms and identifying problems of patients with Crohn's Disease is the first step in nursing care. Developing effective individualized nursing plans can help patients manage their condition..

[Audio] Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation of the large intestine, or colon, and is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis is limited to the innermost lining of the colon and rectum. To effectively manage the condition, it is important to be aware of the symptoms of ulcerative colitis..

[Audio] Etiology of ulcerative colitis is complex and multifaceted. An immune response initiated by foreign material is suggested to be part of the inflammatory characteristics of the disorder. Furthermore, genetics may have a role, implying that there can be hereditary factors involved. Thus, additional research is needed to comprehend the causes and risk factors related to ulcerative colitis..

[Audio] Abdominal pain, blood in the stool, ongoing bouts of diarrhea that don't respond to overthe-counter medications, unexplained fever lasting more than a day or two, rectal pain and weight loss are the clinical manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis in adults. The impact of these symptoms on the patient should be carefully monitored and managed..

[Audio] Blood tests, stool sample, and colonoscopy are investigations used to examine adult patients with disorders of the gastrointestinal system. A blood count can be completed with a blood test, and a stool sample can detect the presence of white blood cells which might suggest inflammation. Colonoscopy allows the entire colon to be examined through a thin, flexible tube with a camera attached to it..

[Audio] Examining a patient with ulcerative colitis may involve using Flexible sigmoidoscopy, where a slender, flexible, lighted tube is threaded into the sigmoid, the last part of the colon. Additionally, Barium enema, x-rays, and CT scans may be employed to diagnose this disorder..

[Audio] Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal system, requiring various treatments to manage it. These treatments include antibiotics, anti-diarrheals, pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids, and in severe cases, surgery. Surgery could involve proctocolectomy, which is the removal of the whole colon and rectum. Knowing about these treatments can help you in managing the disorder better and lead a healthier and more comfortable life..

[Audio] Nursing management of ulcerative colitis is an important responsibility, requiring obtaining an appropriate history, administering medications, monitoring blood values, and observing stool for blood. This presentation has hopefully been beneficial in providing nurses with an understanding of the care needed for adult patients suffering from gastrointestinal disorders. Thank you for listening..