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Rikesh  Shrestha [RC1511004010001], Anshuman Mishra [RC1511004010002], Aman Kumar [RA1511004010783]

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FO COMPACT DIVERSITY ANTENNA FOR WEARABLE APPLICATIONS

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES ANTENNA DESIGN DISSCUSION OF THE FINDINGS SAR ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

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An Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna is designed for wearable applications using jeans fabric as the substate. The proposed antenna has the impedance bandwidth from  3.1-11.1 GHz. The antenna footprint is of size  18mmx 26mmx 0.8mm.  The radiator consists of a simple rectangular structure and an ellipse added on top with several notches removed from the radiator.  Two such antennas are placed horizontally and vertically to obtain a 2-port diversity set.  Radiation patterns and diversity parameters are simulated and also measured using fabricated prototype. SAR value is also calculated and fabricated antenna is subjected to bending analysis

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To design a compact unit cell with jeans as a substrate To develop a diversity set of 2-port with an optimum mutual coupling performance To evaluate diversity parameters such as  S-parameters Envelope Correlation Coefficient Diversity Gain Isolation Factor To compute SAR values To measure the extremity of bending for the flexible antenna to work

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The proposed unit cell is a begun with a simple rectangular-shaped monopole with a microstrip line feed. Substrate :  Jeans , dielectric constant : 1.7 ,loss tangent : 0.08 & thickness : 0.8mm. Frequency band :  3.1-11.1 GHz .  Antenna size :  18 × 26 × 0.8 mm3 .

(a)                                                 (b) Fig. 1.  Proposed monopole antenna: (a) front view, (b) rear view.

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The MIMO configuration  is formed by arranging four unit cells  orthogonally .  Due to the orthogonality, the mutual coupling is reduced, and  polarization diversity  is offered.  Isolation of >15 dB  is provided

Fig. 3.  Proposed MIMO antenna configuration

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A. Impedance performance Due to the identical unit cells, the reflection coefficient curves of antenna-1, antenna-2, antenna-3, and antenna-4 are  almost similar .  It is evident that the MIMO antenna’s inter-element  isolation >15 dB .

......—Measured
mulated
Frequency (GHz)

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B. Radiation Characteristics The maximum gain and efficiency values are found to be  5.3  dBi  and >94%.

Fig. 7.  Simulated radiation patterns of the proposed antenna: (a) 2.4 GHz, E-plane, (b) 2.4 GHz, H-plane,  (c) 3 GHz, E-plane, (d) 3 GHz, H-plane, (e) 6 GHz, E-plane, (f) 6 GHz, H-plane, (g) 10 GHz, E-plane, (h) 10 GHz, H-plane.

thectvtv
150
— f"" (f-3.5) [1)
— farfed (f=7.5) [1]
— f"" (f=iO.5) (1)
210

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C. Bending Analysis Bending analysis is performed on both the  x- and y-directions to validate the bending nature  of the proposed  antenna. The proposed antenna is unaffected by bending conditions.  The proposed MIMO antenna is fitting for  wearable devices .

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D. Diversity Performance Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) :   measures the correlation between unit cells. Diversity Gain (DG) : demonstrates how efficiently signal transmission occurs without significant degradation.

th_Gan from S
9.995
9.99
9.985
9.98
9.975
9.97

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Observation:  Maximum SAR value as FCC standards is 1.6W/kg for 1g of tissue. Average SAR value for proposed diversity antenna is 0.15 W/kg for 1g of tissue.

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2-port diversity antenna with 8GHz bandwidth is designed. Omni-directional radiation pattern is achieved. Spatial, Polarization and pattern diversities are achieved.  ECC<0.001, DG>9.9 and port isolation >-20dB Bending along X-orientation up to 20mm is possible. SAR value is within permissible limits.

The proposed antenna is conformable due to its simple structure and wide bandwidth, and it can be used for tracking and monitoring the patients, as well as other applications based on the needs of consumers.

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[ 1] S.  Velan  et al., “Dual-band EBG integrated monopole antenna deploying fractal geometry for wearable applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 14, pp. 249-252, 2015. [2] E. F.  Sundarsingh , S.  Velan , M.  Kanagasabai , A. K.  Sarma , C.  Raviteja , and M. G. N.  Alsath , “Polygon-shaped slotted dual-band antenna for wearable applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 611-614, 2014. [3] S. Ahmed, A. Mehmood, L.  Sydänheimo , L.  Ukkonen , and T.  Björninen , “Glove-integrated textile antenna with reduced SAR for wearable UHF RFID reader,” IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications (RFID-TA), Pisa, Italy, pp. 231-235, 2019. [4] M. S.  Shakhirul  et al., “1.575 GHz circular polarization wearable antenna with three different substrate materials,” IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, pp. 43-46, 2014. [5] T.  Althobaiti , A. Sharif, J. Ouyang, N. Ramzan, and Q. H. Abbasi, “Planar pyramid shaped UHF RFID tag antenna with polarisation diversity for IoT applications using characteristics mode analysis,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 103684-103696, 2020. [6] S. Hu, C. L. Law, and W. Dou, “A balloon-shaped monopole antenna for passive UWB-RFID tag applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 366-368, 2008. [7] D. Patron et al., “On the use of knitted antennas and inductively coupled RFID tags for wearable applications,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1047-1057, 2016. [8] T. T. Le and T. Y. Yun, “Miniaturization of a dual-band wearable antenna for WBAN applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1452-1456, 2020. [9] K.  Jebbawi , M.  Egels , and P. Pannier, “Design of an ultra-wideband UHF RFID reader antenna for wearable ankle tracking applications,” European Microwave Conference in Central Europe ( EuMCE ), Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 525-528, 2019. [10] S. Tu, Y. Jiao, Z. Zhang, Y. Song, and S. Ning, “Small internal 2.4-GHz/UWB antenna for wireless dongle applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 9, pp. 284-287, 2010. [11] S. S.  Alja’afreh , Y. Huang, L. Xing, Q. Xu, and X. Zhu, “A low-profile and wideband PILA-based antenna for handset diversity applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 14, pp. 923-926, 2015. [12] H. R. Khaleel, A.  Issac , H. Al-Rizzo, and A.  Bihnam , “Wearable printed monopole antenna for UWB and ISM applications,” USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), Memphis, TN, USA, pp. 5-5, 2014. [13] X. L. Li, G. M. Yang, and Y. Q.  Jin , “Isolation enhancement of wideband vehicular antenna array using fractal decoupling structure,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1799-1803, 2019. [14] S.  Agneessens , S.  Lemey , T.  Vervust , and H.  Rogier , “Wearable, small, and robust: The circular quarter-mode textile antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 14, pp. 1482-1485, 2015.

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPACT DIVERSITY

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