DENMARK

DENMARK. PREPARED BY: ANGELIE C. CABARLES RN,LPT.

DENMARK. It is a Scandinavian country comprising the Jutland Peninsula and numerous islands. It's linked to nearby Sweden via the Öresund bridge. Copenhagen, its capital, is home to royal palaces and colorful Nyhavn harbor, plus the Tivoli amusement park and the iconic “Little Mermaid” statue. Odense is writer Hans Christian Andersen’s hometown, with a medieval core of cobbled streets and half-timbered houses..

Denmark has been named the world’s best country to live in for both business and life by CEOWORLD magazine. Denmark wins for its healthcare services, clean environment and affordable housing and living costs. Denmark. Switzerland, Finland, Australia, and Austria round off the top five in the Quality of Life Rankings 2019 . Copenhagen consistently performs very well in international live ability rankings..

LEADING CAUSE OF BACTERIAL INFECTION IN DENMARK. Rank Pathogen Estimated cases 1 Campylobacter 58,141 [49,617–71,781] 2 Salmonella 10,386 [8792–12,153] 3 Norovirus 185,060 [156,506–212,627] 4 Listeriosis 58.

CAMPYLOBACTERIA ( BACTERIA). Campylobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is typically appear comma- or s-shaped, and are motile. Some Campylobacter species can infect humans, sometimes causing campylobacteriosis, a diarrheal disease in humans. ( Wikipedia ) Class : "Campylobacteria" Genus : Campylobacter; Sebald & Véron , 1963 Order : Campylobacterales Family : Campylobacteraceae Phylum : Campylobacterota Domain : Bacteria.

Campylobacter is the most common cause of food poisoning Most people who get ill from Campylobacter get better quickly but the illness can also cause long-term and serious health problems in some. Campylobacter infections occur more often during the summer months. Children under five and the elderly are most at risk because they may have weaker immune systems..

WHAT DOES CAMPYLOBACTER DO TO HUMANS?. Most people who become ill with campylobacteriosis get diarrhea (loose stool/poop) which may be bloody, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever within two to five days after exposure to the bacteria. Nausea (a feeling of sickness in the stomach) and vomiting may also occur. The illness typically lasts about one week..

HOW DOES IT SPREAD?. Campylobacter is not usually spread from one person to another, but this can happen if the infected person does not thoroughly wash their hands after using the bathroom. Infected people will continue to pass the bacteria in their feces for a few days to a week or more..

HOW CAN I BE EXPOSED TO THIS INFECTION?. Infection from Campylobacter bacteria is mainly spread from animals and humans. Campylobacter may be isolated from a wide range of healthy animals such as domestic cats and dogs, birds, cattle, pigs, poultry and goats. It may be easily spread from animal to animal through contact with infected feces or through a common water supply..

YOU MAY BECOME INFECTED THROUGH:. Eating undercooked poultry and pork Cross contamination from raw chicken/poultry to other ready to eat foods or food contact surfaces Drinking contaminated water or raw milk Contact with infected domestic or farm animals Although poultry are the cause of many infections, eggs are usually free from Campylobacter ..

DIAGNOSIS. Campylobacter infection is diagnosed when a laboratory test detects Campylobacter bacteria in stool (poop), body tissue, or fluids. The test could be a culture that isolates the bacteria or a rapid diagnostic test that detects genetic material of the bacteria..

HOW DO I KNOW IF I HAVE A CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTION?.

Temperature range Campylobacter spp. are sensitive to environmental conditions, such as temperature, availability of water and oxygen; and have limited capacity to survive environmental stress. Campylobacter spp. grow in the 30–45°C temperature range..

In most cases, you will recover without treatment. Always exercise caution and visit your doctor. They may prescribe antibiotics or fluid and electrolyte replacement, depending on how severe your illness is. Drink plenty of water so you don’t become dehydrated..

Always cook chicken or poultry products thoroughly, until there is no pink meat left, the juices should run clear and its piping hot all the way through. Wash hands thoroughly with warm soapy water before and after preparing or handling raw poultry and meat and before touching anything else. Don’t wash raw chicken or poultry before cooking as it can spread food poisoning bacteria like Campylobacter around your kitchen. When you cook chicken properly, you kill all the harmful bacteria..

Avoid cross-contamination by never letting raw chicken come into contact with ready-to-eat food. Wash all chopping boards, work surfaces and utensils with hot soapy water after preparing raw poultry and meat. Avoid drinking unpasteurized milk and untreated water. Make sure that people with diarrhea (especially children) wash their hands thoroughly with soap to reduce the risk of spreading infection. Wash hands thoroughly with warm soapy water after having contact with animals..

Epidemiological characterization of the first 785 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases in Denmark, December 2021. By 9 December 2021, 785 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases have been identified in Denmark. Most cases were fully (76%) or booster-vaccinated (7.1%); 34 (4.3%) had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection..

The majority of cases with available information reported symptoms (509/666; 76%) and most were infected in Denmark (588/644; 91%). One in five cases cannot be linked to previous cases, indicating widespread community transmission. Nine cases have been hospitalized, one required intensive care and no deaths have been registered..

An important pillar in the Danish coronavirus disease (COVID-19) response has been free and easy access to testing. Community testing is carried out in ‘Test Center Denmark’ (TCDK), where every resident or visitor in Denmark can book an appointment (TCDK carried out more than 85% of all tests [ 2 ] and uses reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 confirmation)..

Furthermore, testing is also carried out through referral mainly from general practitioners or hospitals as part of the national healthcare testing system, for which samples are analyzed in one of 10 local clinical microbiology departments using RT-PCR or other nucleic acid amplification tests. The testing strategy is supplemented by an extensive antigen-testing program, and persons with a positive antigen test are encouraged to get a confirmatory rtPCR test..

We show a rapid increase and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Denmark, a European country with high testing capacity, high vaccination coverage and limited natural immunity through SARS-CoV-2 infection. The introduction and spread occurred despite an early and comprehensive public health response. Spread was catalyzed by superspreading events and challenges further epidemic control..

Information from the earlier travel-related cases, with no travel history to Africa, suggests that community transmission is more widespread than reported. The high proportion of fully vaccinated Omicron cases is a concern, the implications are still being described. It is too early to draw conclusions on the severity of Omicron compared to previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, analyses on this are ongoing..

We are certainly seeing with Omicron that there is a significant growth advantage compared to other variants of concern. Omicron is overtaking Delta in terms of circulation, and it is very efficiently transmitted between people. It doesn't mean that everybody will eventually get Omicron, but we certainly are seeing high cases and surges of cases around the world..

This is putting a significant burden on our health care systems, which are already significantly overburdened given that we're entering into the third year of this pandemic. And if people can't receive the proper care that they need, then more people will end up with severe disease and dying, and that's something we want to prevent..

So it doesn't necessarily mean that everybody will get Omicron. This is why we, as WHO, are working with partners around the world to have a comprehensive strategy to reduce your exposure and reduce the opportunities for you to get infected. First and foremost, we know that vaccination is incredibly protective against severe disease and death, but it also does prevent some infections and some onward transmission. But it's not perfect in terms of preventing infections and transmission. This is why we also recommend making sure people protect themselves against exposure..

Physical distancing, wearing of a well-fitted mask over your nose and mouth, making sure that you have clean hands, avoiding crowds, working from home if you can, getting tested and making sure that you seek appropriate care where needed. All of those measures, this layered approach are ways in which you can keep yourself safe and also protect yourself from getting infected and passing the virus to somebody else..

It's important that we reduce transmission of Omicron for a number of reasons. First, we want to prevent people from getting infected because there is a risk that you can develop severe disease. There are ways in which we can prevent that but you are still at a risk of developing disease. And if you have underlying conditions or have an advanced age, if you're not vaccinated, you could develop severe disease. Your risk is higher of developing severe disease..

The second reason is that we don't understand completely the impact of post-COVID condition or long COVID. So people who are infected with this virus have a risk of developing longer term consequences, which we call post-COVID condition. And we really are only beginning to understand this. So there's a lot to learn about this and your risk of developing post-COVID condition, of course, is dependent on your risk of getting infected in the first place. So you want to prevent that..

Third, is that getting infected and having a huge case burden, this surge of cases that we are seeing with Omicron significantly burdens our health systems as well as other essential services that are operating. The large number of cases are really making it difficult for hospitals to operate, for services to be online, you know, public transportation, making sure we have groceries in our grocery store, schools, et cetera..

And lastly, the more this virus circulates, the more opportunities it has to change. So this virus is circulating at an incredibly intense level around the world for a number of reasons. But the more the virus circulates, the more opportunities the virus has to change..

Omicron will not be the last variant that you will hear us discuss, and the possibility of future emergence of variants of concern is very real. And more variants that emerge, we don't understand what those the properties of those variants may be. Certainly, they will be more transmissible because they will need to overtake variants that are currently circulating. They could become more or less severe, but they could also have properties of immune escape. So we want to reduce the risk of future emergence of variants of concern. ( Vismita Gupta-Smith).

Ascariasis leading cause of Parasitic infection in Denmark.

A preliminary epidemiological survey indicated an association between Ascaris infections in Danish patients and contact with pigs or pig manure. In the present study, we compared Ascaris worms collected from humans and Ascaris worms collected from pigs by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, a technique for whole-genome fingerprinting, and by PCR-linked restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear rDNA..

The AFLP data were analyzed by distance- and model-based clustering methods. These results assigned Ascaris worms from Danish patients to a cluster different from that for worms from humans in other geographic areas. In contrast, worms from humans and pigs in Denmark were assigned to the same cluster. These results were supported by the PCR-RFLP results. Thus, all of the examined Danish patients had acquired Ascaris infections from domestic pigs; ascariasis may therefore be considered a zoonotic disease in Denmark..

Ascariasis spreads through hand-to-mouth contact — when a person touches and swallows fertilized Ascaris eggs. In places that lack adequate sanitation, people infected with ascariasis may defecate (poop) outside. In some areas, people use human feces as fertilizer. Apr 30, 2021.

Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection . Some are caught from food. You can get infected by: touching objects or surfaces with worm eggs on them – if someone with worms does not wash their hands..

Roundworm eggs live in soil that is contaminated by feces. The eggs can get into the body through the mouth. The infection can then spread from person to person via infected feces . Symptoms may include worms in a bowel movement or coming from the nose or mouth, vomiting, and stomach pain..

The best way to prevent people from getting ascariasis from humans or pigs is to always do the following: Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human or pig feces , including where human fecal matter (“night soil”), wastewater, or pig manure is used to fertilize crops..

Ingestion. The tiny (microscopic) ascariasis eggs can't become infective without coming into contact with soil . People can accidentally ingest (swallow) contaminated soil through hand-to-mouth contact or by eating uncooked fruits or vegetables that have been grown in contaminated soil..