Scene 1

Definite Model to the Determination of Bitumen Specific Gravity as a Baseline in Construction.

O.H. Olabimtan * , J.M. Garba, S.A.Florence, K.J. Otsa National Research for Chemical Technology Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria . August 2021

Scene 2

Introduction Methodology Results  Discussion Aim and Objectives Conclusion Justification

Scene 3

The world is potentially at the mercy of acute energy challenges that induced the depreciation of social infrastructures and the economical status of most nations. Construction of modern roads with improvement in technology is practically difficult with the crises in terms of energy shortages and cost as required in the blending of bitumen-asphalt combinations [1].  Crude oil deposits that were formed when organic carbon material decays are refined through a distillation process that heats the oil mixture within a large tank. Then the vapors that are produced at varying temperatures with a high degree of hydrocarbons with higher combustibility are collected [1].

Scene 4

Hydrocarbons are resources with organic nature characterized by a bond between hydrogen and carbon which made up the primary products from the refining of crude oil includes diesel, gasoline, and other high octane fuels [2]. When organic solvents and engine oils have been refined out of the raw petroleum a tar blend comprises residual hydrocarbons and with a high level of natural bitumen which is technically refined for further applications [2].

Scene 5

When organic solvents and engine oils have been refined out of the raw petroleum a tar blend comprises residual hydrocarbons and with a high level of natural bitumen which is technically refined for further applications [2].  Precisely, the highest fraction of bitumen is being utilized by the construction sectors, as a product constituent with road surfacing especially. Outstanding hydrophobic parameters along thermoplastic behavior present it for arrays of uses. At elevated temperatures, which are between 100 and 200degC, bitumen behaves as a viscous liquid, which enables it to be blended with a secondary component as desired [3]. It remains inactive at room temperature, although as a solid and durable hydrophobic material [3]. The category of bitumen being applied for road construction is conventional bitumen as paving grade.

Scene 6

Current evaluations put the world utilization of bitumen at millions of tons each year with 85% of the refined bitumen is utilized as black-top for the development of roads. An extra ten percent of the worldwide production of bitumen is applied in material applications, with the excess 5% for fixing purposes in pipe coatings, paint, and sealants [4]. Bitumen is accessible in a range of evaluations as it is utilized across the world with characterizations for applications and environment end-use.

Scene 7

Bitumen is accessible in range of evaluations as it is utilized across the world with characterizations for applications and environment end-use. They are generally pinned on a progression of standard test techniques that characterize their properties like hardness, consistency, solvency, and sturdiness [3]. Bitumen retains a softening point which is a component of thickness and the consistency of around 240 degrees Fahrenheit, sufficiently high to be securely adopted in road construction [5].  In some regions, temperatures can ascend to a point that will turn the substance thick, but since of the layers of total stone, streets can in any case bear high temperatures without reshaping.

Scene 8

Bitumen is delivered by the processing of unrefined petroleum from capacity tanks, where it is kept at about 60°C, through a high temperature exchanger of about 200°C by trading heat acquired from the cooling of the previous fractions of refining techniques.  The crude is additionally warmed in a heater at 300° C where it is disintegrated in an atmospheric distillation chamber giving the actual partition (bitumen).  The lighter fractions ascend as the heaviest segments tumble to the lower part of the chamber and pass through the heat exchanger preceding the treatment in a vacuum refining section. Eventually, bitumen is acquired by vacuum refining or vacuum blazing of environmental buildup from the vacuum refining segment.

Scene 9

An elective technique for bitumen creation is by precipitation from remaining portions by propane or butane-dissolvable  deasphalting  [6].

Scene 10

The evaluation of the bitumen relies upon the measure of unstable material that remains in the fractions. In other words, the more modest the measure of volatiles, the harder the bitumen leftover as the unrefined oils give the base materials to bitumen formation [6].

Scene 11

Scene 12

Figure 2. Road construction with high temperature bitumen

Scene 13

Specific gravity is usually utilized in the industry as a basic method for acquiring data about the centralization of measures of different materials. It is normally applied by geologists and mineralogists to help decide the mineral substance of a stone [8].

Scene 14

Bitumen is very valuable to the construction or building industries.  Its superb waterproofing qualities and thermoplastic conduct make it suitable for a wide scope of uses [7].  At raised temperatures in the range of 100 and 200  degC , the physical viscosity makes it to be reactive with other materials, controlled and shaped as required, but remains a hydrophobic solid material at significantly low temperature [7].

Scene 15

Scene 16

This is to establish a simple mathematical model in the estimation of bitumen’s specific gravity at any known weight.

Scene 17

Scene 18

Figure  1. FT-IR spectrum of bitumen sample

Scene 19

Figure 2. Metallic components of the bitumen sample

Scene 20

Table 2. The FTIR assignments of the bitumen sample

Fr
uen
543
660
845
973
1127 & 1066
1600
Intens
Class
I halide
Alkyl halide
Alkyl halide
Aromatics
Aromatics
Amines
Sul onated ester
Alkenes
Phosphin e
Aliphatic amine
oxide
Alkyl halides
Esters
Amines
Thio-carbonyl
Sulphoxide
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Carboxylic acid
Amides
Amines
Alkenes
Nitrous
Aromatics
Structure
RC- CH
R-X
R-x
I , tri-substituted
1 tetra-substituted
RzNH
S-OR
RCH-CHR
P-OR
N-O
R-X
R-O-R
RNH2, R2NH
RCO-OH
RI COOR2
RCO-O-
RCONH2
RNH2
Conjugated diene
C-C ring
Ass' nment
-C-X stretch
C-H bend
-C-X stretch
-C-X stretch
-C-H out of plane
-C-H out of plane
-N-H wag
S-OR
=C-H out
-P-H bend
C-X stretch
-C-O stretch
C-N stretch
-C=S stretch
-S=O stretch
-C-O stretch
-C-O stretch
-C-O stretch
-C-NH2 plane
-NH: bend
-C=C- stretch
stretch
ArC-C stretch

Scene 21

2122
2239
2896
3137
3359
s-broad
Alkynes
Nfiscellaneous
Alkynes
Silane
Alkanes
Carbox lic acid
Alkenes
Carbox lic acids
henols
RC-CH
R-N-C
RCECR
Si-H
RCH2CH3
RCO-OH; C=C-CO-OH
RCH=CH2;
RCO=OH; C=C-CO-OH
-H
C— C bend
-C -N stretch
N=C stretch
C-C bend
Si-H stretch
C-H stretch
Dimer C-OH stretch
=C-H stretch
Dimer C-OH stretch
ArO-H

Definite Model to the Determination of Bitumen Specific Gravity as a Baseline in Construction.

Scene 1 (0s)

Scene 2 (17s)

Scene 3 (25s)

Scene 4 (54s)

Scene 5 (1m 17s)

Scene 6 (1m 53s)

Scene 7 (2m 19s)

Scene 8 (2m 51s)

Scene 9 (3m 24s)

Scene 10 (3m 35s)

Scene 11 (3m 52s)

Scene 12 (4m 0s)

Scene 13 (4m 10s)

Scene 14 (4m 25s)

Scene 15 (4m 47s)

Scene 16 (4m 56s)

Scene 17 (5m 6s)

Scene 18 (5m 15s)

Scene 19 (5m 23s)

Scene 20 (5m 31s)

Scene 21 (6m 2s)