Pendulum

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Aim. How does the mass of the Bob affect the time taken for the pendulum to do one full oscillation?.

Hypothesis. [image] A blue and purple spirals. 3.

Planning-Parameters. For this experiment we decided our independent variable will be the weight of the bob so we can investigate the change in time for a full oscillation. For our controlled variable we decided to keep the length of the pendulum and the swing distance with 1 metre apart for all tests and the same length of string. Our dependent variable is measuring the time taken to swing, we did this 3 times for each weight and recorded the data in a table..

Planning-Reasons for Parameters. As the hypothesis proposed, by increasing the weight of the bob, the time taken for one oscillation will decrease. The reason we kept the controlled variables as they are was to make it a fair experiment where all results are tested in the same way to get fair outputs/data. So to test this theory, we had decided to change the weight of the bob and keep every other factor same, such as the length of the pendulum, String and distance of the swing to get the most accurate results..

Planning-Photos. 6. A ruler on a counter top Description automatically generated.

Materials. 7. A table with various tools and a calculator Description automatically generated.

Method. Measure and mark out 1 meter on the ground using tape for the swing distance. Set up the retort stand and attach the clamp securely. Attach one end of the string to the clamp and the other end to the small weighted bob. Ensure that the length of the string from the clamp to the bob is 140 cm. Adjust the position of the clamp if necessary, so that the bob is 2 cm above the ground when at rest, ensuring it does not touch the ground. Hold the bob over one of the marked tape positions and release it. Use the provided stopwatch to record the time taken for one complete oscillation, which involves the bob returning to its original position. Once the time for the small weighted bob is recorded, repeat the process for the other weights by detaching the small weight from the string and attaching the alternative weights..

Results. 9. Multiple tests were conducted for each weight of the bob to gather accurate data. Any times that were different significantly were discarded, and only those closest to each other were recorded. The average time for each weight of the bob was calculated by adding the times from the five tests together and dividing by five..

Results. 10. The y-axis represents time in seconds, while the x-axis displays the three different weights of bobs. The first orange column labelled "1“ corresponds to the smallest weight (8.5 g), the "2" column represents the 26.8 g bob, and the last column labelled "3" represents the 61.8 g bob..

Discussion. 11. The independent variable in our experiment is the weight of the bobs, while the dependent variable is the time taken for a full oscillation. We kept the length of the pendulum, swing distance, and length of the string constant as controlled variables. By changing the weight of the bobs, we investigated whether this change affected the time taken for one full oscillation. We observed that increasing the weight resulted in a reduction in the time taken for oscillation. Throughout the cycle, the bob's gravitational potential energy changes. When it is higher up from the ground, it has more gravitational potential energy compared to when it is at rest or at the bottom of its swing. This variation is because gravitational potential energy depends on both the mass and height of the bob. Several factors, such as timing and the release of the bob, could have influenced our experiment. The accuracy of stopping and starting the stopwatch was important, and inconsistencies in this process required us to repeat the testing multiple times to get valid data..

Discussion. 12. This is experiment is considered a fair test because the results were all recorded in such way that Only the key factors (Independent variables) were changed and everything else is kept the same to ensure a fair test. Fair test refers to when the experiment you are conducting is kept same except For the factors you are trying to find out. This experiment is considered a fair test because we made sure that only the key factor, which is the independent variable (weight of the bobs), was changed while keeping all other factors same for all tests. This ensures that any effects on the dependent variable (time taken for full oscillation) can be recorded fairly. In definition, a fair test means maintaining consistency in all aspects of the experiment except for the specific factor being investigated..

Conclusion. 13. The hypothesis for this experiment stated that as the weight of the bob increases, the time taken to complete one full oscillation decreases. Based on the results and discussions, it becomes clear that the hypothesis was indeed correct. The data collected by my lab partners demonstrates a difference in the time duration for oscillation with different weights of bobs. This evidence strongly supports the conclusion that the weight of the bob significantly influences the duration of oscillation..