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[Audio] lesson 3: A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Orders.

[Audio] The world is composed of many countries or states with various forms of government. This poked some interest to the scholars..

[Audio] Some scholars are interested in each individual internal political affairs of a country (ex. Scholars in Japan wrote their history of bureaucracy), some are interested in the interactions between states. May it be trade deals, political, military, or other diplomatic engagements between state entities. May it be trade deals, political, military, or other diplomatic engagements between state entities..

[Audio] When they explore the deepening interactions between states, they refer to this phenomenon as internationalization..

[Audio] Internalization is a major part of globalization. As explained in lesson 1, globalization encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to the ties between governments. Nevertheless, it is important to study international relations as a facet of globalization because states/governments are key drivers of global processes. . In this lesson, we will look at internationalization as one lens through which one can evaluate the globalization of politics. The subject may be Contemporary world, but we still need to reminisce the roots that lead to this development..

[Audio] International relations, as we know them today, are substantially shaped by events that occurred 400 years ago. This lesson will begin with identifying the major attributes of contemporary global politics. Then, it will proceed to ask: How did this system emerge? In doing so, you will have a solid foundation to understand the major issues of global governance in the next lesson..

[Audio] The Attributes of Today's Global System. ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM.

[Audio] There are four major characteristics in today's world politics: Independent States, Diplomatic Relations, International Orgs, and Independent Entity..

[Audio] First, there are independent countries or states that rule themselves..

[Audio] Second, these countries communicate with one another through diplomacy..

[Audio] Third, there are international institutions that enable these interactions (such as the United Nations (U-N---)).

[Audio] Fourth, international institutions take on lives of their own in addition to enabling meetings between governments. The UN, for example, apart from being a meeting ground for presidents and other heads of state, also has task-specific agencies such as the World Health Organization (W-H-O--) and the International Labour Organization (I-L-O--)..

[Audio] What are the origins of this system? A good start is by unpacking what one means when he/she refers to a "country" or what academics also call a nation-state. This concept is not as simple as it seems..

[Audio] The term nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable words. Not all states are nations, and not all nations are states. The nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize themselves as countries. The nation of Scotland, for example, has its own flag and national culture; but it still belongs to a state called the United Kingdom. Closer to home, many commentators believe that the Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing within the Philippines, but, through their elites, recognizes the authority of the Philippine state..

[Audio] At different parts in the history of humanity, people in various regions of the world have identified exclusively with units as small as their village or tribe; and at other times, they see themselves as members of larger political categories such as "Christendom" (the entire Christian world). Meanwhile, if there are states with multiple nations, there are also single nations with multiple states. The nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea, whereas the "Chinese nation" may refer to both the People's Republic of China (the mainland) and Taiwan..

[Audio] State In layman's terms, State refers to a country and its government (for example, the government of the Philippines)..

[Audio] 4 Attributes of a State. 4 ATTRIBUTES OF A STATE.

[Audio] First, it exercises authority over a specific population, which is referred to as its citizens..

[Audio] Second, it governs a specific territory..

[Audio] Third, a state has a structure of government that crafts various rules that people (society) follow..

[Audio] Fourth and the most crucial, the state has sovereignty over its territory..

[Audio] Sovereignty here refers to internal and external authority. Internally, no individuals or groups can operate in a given national territory by ignoring the state. Groups/ organizations/ corporations/ churches must abide by the laws of the state where they positioned their headquarters. Externally, sovereignty means that a state's policies and procedures are independent of the interventions of other states..

[Audio] Nation. `. NATION.

[Audio] The nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an "imagined community." It is limited because it does not go beyond a given "official boundary" and because rights and responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of that nation.".

[Audio] Let us try to unravel the limitations of a nation. For example, anyone can choose to become a Catholic by following the necessary religious rituals and accepting the beliefs of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church actively encourages people to join, which is described as the "call to discipleship.".

[Audio] However, nations operate differently. For instance, not everyone can become a Filipino simply by expressing a desire to do so. An American cannot go to the Philippine Embassy and "convert" to Philippine citizenship in the same way they might convert to Catholicism. National identity is often tied to specific cultural practices, language, and residency in a particular territory, making it more exclusive..

[Audio] Imagined, as referred here, doesn't mean made up, but rather a construct shared by people in their minds. Nation paves a path for connectivity despite not meeting them . Now let us dig deeper on what does this really mean by giving a prime example..

[Audio] Do you perhaps know this person? How and why?.

[Audio] He is Carlos Yulo. A 2 Olympic-Gold Medalist representing Philippines in the 2024 Olympic Games: sport gymnastics. People construct an intangible bond with Yulo despite not being personally acquainted with him. This then represents Nation as an imagined community. Additionally, in a given national territory such as the Philippine archipelago, you rest in the comfort that the majority of people living in it are also Fillipinos..

[Audio] Nation-builders can only feel a sense of fulfillment when that national ideal assumes an organizational form whose authority and power are recognized and accepted by "the people." Furthermore, there are communities that aren't states that demand a form of autonomy within their "mother states.".

[Audio] Moreover, if there are communities that are not states, they often seek some form of autonomy within their "mother states." This is why, for example, the nation of Quebec, though belonging to the state of Canada, has different laws about language (they are French-speaking and require French language competencies for their citizens). It is also for this reason that Scotland, though part of the United Kingdom, has a strong independence movement led by the Scottish Nationalist Party..

[Audio] Sovereignty is, thus, one of the fundamental principles of modern state politics. Understanding how this became the case entails going back as far as 400 years ago..

[Audio] The Interstate System. THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM.

[Audio] The origin of the present – day concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the treaty of Westphalia, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the thirty years` war between the major continental powers of Europe..

[Audio] It was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the thirty years` war between the major continental powers of Europe..

[Audio] The Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch republic designed a system that would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other`s affair..

[Audio] The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803 1815 with Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of Europe..

[Audio] In every country they conquered, the French implemented the Napoleonic Code which forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service..

[Audio] Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, ending the latter's mission to spread his liberal code across Europe..

[Audio] To prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, the royal powers created a new system that, in effect, restored the Westphalian system..

[Audio] The Concert of Europe was an alliance of "great powers" the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

[Audio] This sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges of the time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars..

[Audio] More importantly, it was an alliance that sought to restore the sovereignty of states. Under this Metternich system (named after the Austrian diplomat, Klemens von Metternich, who was the system's main architect), the Concert's power and authority lasted from 1815 to 1914 at the dawn of World War I..

[Audio] Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the eventual collapse of the Concert of Europe after World War I, the present-day international system still has traces of this history..

[Audio] Until now, states are considered sovereign and Napoleonic attempts to violently impose systems of government in other countries are frowned upon. Moreover, like the Concert system, "great powers" still hold significant influence over world politics..

[Audio] Internationalism. Interior.kbf '4he al. LESSON 3.

[Audio] The world was split into independent, sovereign entities under the Westphalian and Concert systems..

[Audio] Internationalism comes in different forms, but the principle may be divided into two broad categories: liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism..

[Audio] The first major thinker of liberal internationalism was the late 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant..