The Civil Rights Movement

[Audio] The Civil Rights Movement Comparing Passive Protest & Militant Activism Alaysia Britton & Jessica Benitez- Trujillo American History II.

[Audio] What was the Civil Rights Movement? (Spider Martin—Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, © 1965 Spider Martin).

[Audio] Roots of the Movement African Americans in America had always been treated unfairly, but leading up to the movement there were some specific events that catalysed their anger: The Reconstruction amendments (13th 14th, & 15th) weren’t being honored, meaning African Americans weren’t getting the rights they had been promised as citizens, including voting rights At the start of the 20th century (especially in the 1920s) Black Americans began to demand their rights and reprimand their mistreatment, these past activist built up the momentum for the civil rights movement Jim Crow Laws, also known as the supreme court ruling “Plessy V. Ferguson” stated that segregation in american was constitutional as long as it was equal (“Separate but Equal”). However, these facilities were never equal and sometimes not even able to colored people. After WW2, many Americans began idolizing “ The American Dream”, yet this dream was unavailable to African Americans in the US Soldiers returning from WW2 realized that they fought for a country that didn’t respect or honor them & that their treatment in America was similar to the Jews treatment in Germany. In Anti-communist America, people realized that they couldn’t win the fight against communism if their own country was divided by race. (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition).

[Audio] Shifts in Methods of the Movement Passive Militant Militant protesters believed in black nationalism and black pride/ power. They preferred to embrace segregation and empower an individual black community. Militant activist used weapons and violence to defend themselves in others in the community against the KKK and police brutality. (Underwood Archives) Passive protestors used methods that involved breaking the law, and were often arrested, but did no harm. These include the Sit-ins (the Greensboro Four), Marches (The March on Washington), Boycotts (The Montgomery Bus Boycott), and the “Back to Africa” movement (Library of congress) (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition).

[Audio] Fracturing of the Movement Passive: Militant: A militant fracture in the Civil Rights movement was the amount of violence portrayed in militant beliefs. A passive fracture in the Civil Rights movement would be the consequences of resisting against the government..

[Audio] Demands of the Movement Passive Equal standing with white race in society Advancement of black owned businesses. Right to a higher education Integration of different races in public facilities Equal protection under the law Militant Both -Equal Rights To occupy white only spaces and amenities -Voting Rights Recognition of violence and discrimination that african americans faced -Better for the future generations Recognition of black people’s role in making current America Right to own weapons and defend one's self and family (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition).

[Audio] Objectives Passive: Militant: Militant objectives in movements were objectives that would advance the black community alone. Robert Williams is an example of having a militant objective. He wanted to protect black communities and used guns as a form of protection. Passive objectives were objectives that benefited everyone when it came to movement. DuBois and Washington were both examples of passive protestors. Their goal was accomplishing change without violence. DuBois believed in demanding rights and citizenship. Washington's philosophy is not similar, but he defended black people when violence was directed towards them. (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition).

[Audio] Leaders of the C.R. Movement These are some of the most notable people in the civil rights movement. No matter the way of protest, activism, or their personal philosophy. These people are the reason the civil rights movement exists..

[Audio] Militant Leaders Malcolm Little (X) Robert Williams Malcolm was known for his support of black nationalism. He gave many speeches and had a powerful influence. Malcolm didn't believe in an multiracial approach and criticized anyone he felt deteriorated the movement. Malcolm had a harsh childhood filled with violence, that reflected on his beliefs later in life. His leadership in the Nation of Islam (NOI) also gave him a large platform. Williams was known for his militant stand in self defence. Williams joined the NAACP in 957, but was suspended in 59 after starting a rifle protection group. He went on to defend many local cases. Williams also participated in the Freedom rides and published a militant journal, book and radio program with his wife. (Eddie Adams/ AP Images) (Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica) (University of Michigan News) (Mamiya. Encyclopedia Britannica).

[Audio] Passive Leader - Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK Jr.) was known for being a nonviolent civil rights activist MLK Jr. was also a church minister who used his church for Montgomery bus boycott gatherings. MLK Jr. led the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) which gave MLK Jr. a national platform to speak. MLK Jr. believed that nonviolent protesting was the most effective weapon towards freedom. In 1960, MLK Jr. moved back to his hometown and devoted his time to SCLC and the civil rights movement. In October of 1960, MLK Jr. was arrested along with 33 other men due to protesting segregation in an Atlanta department store, but charges were dropped. MLK Jr. knews the power of the media, he used it to his advantage to spread attention to the civil right struggles. He also used it to internationalize his passive tactics. (U.S. National Park Service) (Carson and Lewis).

[Audio] Organizations in the Civil Rights Movement WPC CORE SNCC Black Panther Party (Congress of Racial Equality-1942) Created after the war by black soldiers who felt undervalued by the country they served for. (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition) (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - 1960) Formed by college students. SNCC widened the movement to other minorities, but later removed white group members with slogan “black power” (Women’s Political Council of Montgomery, Alabama-1946) Passive group led by black female educators (1966) All black militant organization formed by Newton and Seale to promote black power (known for wearing black berets and leather jackets).

[Audio] Supporting Figures of the Civil Rights Movement JFK (35th POTUS) Fannie Lou Hamer Lyndon B. Johnson (36th President) Supported integration and sent troops to defend multiple activists and protesters He signed the voting rights act in 1965, and passed the civil rights act in 1964 Former plantation worker and C.R. activist in the MFDP. (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition) (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition) (National Park service).

[Audio] The NAACP STATE COO. ADVAN NAACP 1909 Fight for Freedom Campaign (1953) to abolish segregation and discrimination by 1963, wanted to raise 1M annually to fund towards goal NAACP Legal Team Robert Carter, Thurgood Marshall, George Hayes, & more worked on cases such as the Brown Case, The Plessy case, NAACP v. Alabama & the Civil Rights Act Supporting Movements Such as Justice for Emmett Till, The Montgomery Bus Boycott, and The little Rock Nine Leaders The leaders of the NAACP were the most prominent leaders of black community and the civil rights movement (NAACP).

[Audio] Government in the Movement Brown V. Board of Education Civil Rights Act Voting Rights Act (1965) Banned discrimination in public spaces, in the work space, education and in government based on race or gender (1965) eliminated obstacles to African American voters in the south including poll tax, grandfather clause, and literacy tests (1954) Supreme Court case that overruled Plessy V. Ferguson in public schools. President's Committee on Civil Rights MFDP The MFDP was a political party that served that as an extension of the democrats. They were not allowed to vote in the primary, but wanted to have voice in politics. This group accomplished making all white primaries illegal in 1968. President Truman response to the civil rights movement. The committee was made of a diverse group in race and location. In 1947 they issued their report “To secure these rights” which called for racial desegregation in the military, transportation, education, and voting (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition).

[Audio] Important Events of the Civil Rights Movement These events played an important role to the Civil Rights movement. They were performed by important figures and organizations who contributed to the movement..

[Audio] Timeline of the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Act March on Washington A project created by CORE ,SLCC, SNCC, & the NAACP to advance black education for when they entered integrated schools Desegregation of schools. Legally banned discrimination and segregation March to demand government intervention in discrimination. Notable speeches such as “I have a dream” made. Brown v. Board of Education Freedom Summer (Hewitt and Lawson, vol. Value Edition).

[Audio] The Sit-Ins The Sit- In movement was a peaceful protest that started in the 1960’s in Greensboro, North Carolina. The Sit-In movement was started by black college students. These college students sat in diners that would not serve colored people waiting to be served. These students would sit until they were forced to leave or served. This was to protest against segregation and Jim Crow laws. (Bettmann Archive and Getty Images).

[Audio] School Involvement Mississippi University The Little Rock Nine Brown vs. Board of Education In 1961 James Meredith Applied to the University of Mississippi (and all white school). After being denied admission, he took the case to court. The US supreme court ruled that Meredith should be allowed in the school. Angry white citizens rioted against the marshalls sent to protect Meredith. Meredith later became the first black man to graduate the University. The Little Rock Nine (LRN) were the first black teenagers to attend Little Rock’s Central High School. On the teens first day, their entrance was blocked by the National Guard sent by governor Faubus. A federal judge ordered the teens to go to school immediately, but they were mobbed at the entrance. This led to them being escorted by US troops throughout the school year. (1954) The Brown vs. Board of Education was a case that ruled segregation in public schools violated the constitution. This case led to integration of public schools, but many children were left with no education due to safety concerns. (Duignan, 2018) (The University of Mississippi) (History.com Editors).

[Audio] 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing The 16th street baptist church, or Birmingham Church, was bombed in 1963 by the KKK. This bombing resulted in the death of 4 innocent black girls. It caught the attention of the media and helped publicize the civil rights movement. The attack was made by the KKK and meant to discourage activists, as the church was considered safe space to meet during the civil rights movement.The case was taken to court where 4 members of the KKK were tried, originally they were left uncharged. Later justice was brought when one of them was sentenced to life (1977), two were indicted and sentenced to life (2000), and the 4th died in 1994. VWER (FBI).

[Audio] Our Conclusion The civil rights movement was a movement that took place mostly in the 1960s. It was a movement to end segregation in the United States of America. African Americans risked their lives for equal rights by performing sit-ins, marches, protests, campaigns, boycotts, riots, and many other tactics (both passive and militant). Passive Activism provided nonviolent disobedience to demonstrate their fight for equality. Passive tactics included marches and sit-ins, which were nonviolent ways to prove a point. Militant activism used violent tactics and would resort to any tactic if it meant achieving what they wanted. Militant activism was not just about violence, but racial pride. The belief that black people did not need to be equal with white people, but be in their own group and communities and prompting black empowerment. Many activists began organizations such as the SNCC, MFDP, CORE, and many other groups. These groups were made to organize specific marches, protests, or any public disobedience to fight for their equal rights. Some specific events caught more attention than others like the Greensboro sit-ins, Little Rock Nine, March on Washington, and the Montgomery bus boycott. Attacks like the lynching of Emmett Till and the 16th Street Baptist Bombing spread concern internationally towards the civil rights movement. Figures like Robert Williams, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., and Lyndon B. Johnson had a major impact on the civil rights movement..

[Audio] Bibliography Austin, Curtis J. “On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi - 2002-02.” Www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov, Mississippi History Now, Feb. 2002, www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi-on-violence-and-nonviolence#:~:text=In%20contrast%2C%20the%20leaders%20of. Accessed 10 Nov. 2023. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Robert Williams". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Oct. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Williams. Accessed 9 November 2023. Carson, Clayborne, and David L Lewis. “Martin Luther King, Jr. - Challenges of the Final Years.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 16 Jan. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther-King-Jr/Challenges-of-the-final-years. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023. Duignan, B. (2018). Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | Definition, Facts, & Significance. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka FBI. “Baptist Street Church Bombing | Federal Bureau of Investigation.” Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2016, www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/baptist-street-church-bombing. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023. Hewitt, Nancy A, and Steven F Lawson. Exploring American Histories. fourth ed., vol. Value Edition, Boson, Bedford/St. Martin’s, Macmillan Learning, 2022. History.com Editors. “Freedom Summer.” HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-summer. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023. cc.

[Audio] Bibliography Library of Congress. “The Civil Rights Era - NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom | Exhibitions - Library of Congress.” Www.loc.gov, Library of Congress, 21 Feb. 2009, www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/the-civil-rights-era.html#:~:text=The%20NAACP%2Dled%20Leadership%20Conference. Accessed 19 Oct. 2023.. Mamiya, Lawrence A. “Malcolm X | Biography, Nation of Islam, Assassination, & Facts.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Sept. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023. NAACP. “Our History | NAACP.” Naacp.org, NAACP, 2023, naacp.org/about/our-history#:~:text=The%20following%20year%2C%20the%20Association. Accessed 26 Oct. 2023. National Park service. “The Montgomery Bus Boycott (U.S. National Park Service).” Www.nps.gov, National Park Service, www.nps.gov/articles/montgomery-bus-boycott.htm#:~:text=The%20Montgomery%20bus%20boycott%20began. SNCC Digital. “Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP).” SNCC Digital Gateway, SNCC Digital , snccdigital.org/inside-sncc/alliances-relationships/mfdp/. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023. Stanford University. “The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute.” The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, 2019, kinginstitute.stanford.edu. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023. The University of Mississippi. “About James Meredith.” UM History of Integration, The University of Mississippi, 50years.olemiss.edu/james-meredith/#:~:text=He%20returned%20to%20his%20home. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023..

[Audio] Bibliography - Photos Adams, Eddie, and AP Images. “Malcolm X,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Nov. 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X/Final-years-and-legacy. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Montgomery bus boycott". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Oct. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Montgomery-bus-boycott. Accessed 9 November 2023. Rothman, Lily. “See the Civil Rights Movement in Photographs.” Time, Time, 30 June 2015, time.com/3910062/civil-rights-photographs/. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023. University of Michigan News. “Photo of Robert F Williams,” NCPedia, June 1971. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023..