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Airway Lungs What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is a lung infection that affects the air sacs (alveoli) at the end of the airways. The infection interferes with the delivery of oxygen from the air sacs into the blood and the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. Airway L VEOLI Fluid in alveoli What are the symptoms and signs of pneumonia in children? Cough Rapid breathing Difficulty breathing (increased work of breathing) Grunting Chest retractions (inward movement of chest wall when child breathes in) Nasal flaring In older children, chest pain or shortness of breath 9.